DYNAMICS OF IONS IN THE HAEMOLYMPH OF GIANT AFRICAN LAND SNAILS (Archachatina marginata) DURING FASTING
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DYNAMICS OF IONS IN THE HAEMOLYMPH OF GIANT AFRICAN LAND SNAILS
(Archachatina marginata) DURING FASTING
ABSTRACT
This
experiment was conducted to study the dynamics of ions in the haemolymph of
Giant African land snails (Archachatina marginata) during fasting. Fourty
Archachatina marginata were purchased and using a completely randomized design
(CRD) they were arranged into four different treatments. Haemolymph was
collected randomly from three samples within each treatment and the samples
were analyzed for electrolytes which include sodium, bicarbonates, chlorides,
creatinine, calcium, phosphate and potassium. For sodium there was significant
difference in its concentration in the haemolymph from week 3 to week 6
(P<0.05) with the lowest concentration in week 6 and the highest in week 3.
For bicarbonate significant difference (P<0.05) in the concentration of the
haemolymph was only noticed from week 0 to week 3 with the lowest concentration
found in week 9 and the highest in week 0. There was significant difference
(P<0.05) from week 0 to week 9 in the concentration of haemolymph chloride
with the lowest concentration found in week 6 and the highest in week 3. There
was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the concentration of creatinine
through the 9 weeks of the study. Calcium concentration had no significant
difference (P>0.05) from week 0 to week 3, the lowest concentration was
found in week 6 and the highest week 3. Phosphates concentration had no
significant difference (P>0.05) from week 0 to week 9 with the lowest
concentration found in week 9 and the highest in week 6. Fasting had no
significant difference (P>0.05) on the concentration of potassium through
the 9 weeks of the experiment the lowest concentration was found in week 9 and
the highest week 0. From this study fasting had no effect on the phosphate and
creatinine concentration of the haemolymph of Archachatina marginata, but with
effect on sodium, bicarbonate, chloride, potassium and calcium.
TABLE OF
CONTENT
Title———-i
Abstract———ii
Acknowledgement——-iii
Certification——–v
Dedication——–vi
Table of
Content——-vii
List of
Tables——–ix
List of
Figures——–x
CHAPTER ONE
1.0Introduction——-1
1.1Justification
of study——2
1.2Objective
of the study——4
CHAPTER TWO
Haemolymph——-6
Sodium——-6
Potassium——-7
Bicarbonate——-8
Chloride——-8
Serum
creatinine——8
Calcium——-9
Inorganic
phosphate——9
CHAPTER THREE
Materials and
Methods—–10
3.1Experimental
site, animals and methods—-10
3.2Collection
of haemolymph——11
3.3Chemical
analysis——-11
3.4Statistical
analysis——-12
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0
Results———13
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0
Discussion——–28
CHAPTER SIX
6.0Conclusion——-
-30
6.1Recommendation——-30
Reference——–31
LIST OF
TABLES
Table 1:
Blood test range for some animals—-5
Table 2:
Variation of ions in the haemolymph of giant African land snail (Archachatina
marginata) during a nine week fasting period-27
LIST OF
FIGURES
Figure 1:
Graph showing changes in the haemolymph sodium concentration of Archachatina
marginata after 9 weeks of fasting.—-14
Figure 2:
Graph showing changes in the haemolymph bicarbonate concentration of
Archachatina marginata after 9weeks of fasting.—-16
Figure 3:
Graph showing the changes in the haemolymph chloride concentration of
Archachatina marginata after 9 weeks of fasting.—18
Figure 4:
Graph showing the changes in the haemolymph creatinine concentration of
Archachatina marginata after 9 weeks of fasting.—20
Figure 5:
Graph showing the changes in the haemolymph calcium concentration of
Archachatina marginata after 9 weeks of fasting.—22
Figure 6:
Graph showing changes in the haemolymph phosphates concentration of
Archachatina marginata after 9 weeks of fasting.—24
Figure 7:
Graph showing changes in the haemolymph potassium concentration of Archachatina
marginata after 9 weeks of fasting.—26
CHAPTER ONE
1.0INTRODUCTION
Snail is the
common name that is applied most often to land snails, terrestrial pulmonate
gastropod mollusks. However the common name snail is also applied to most of
the members of the molluscan class gastropoda that have coiled shell that is
large enough for the animal to retract completely into. Snails are
invertebrates which mean that they lack a backbone. They belong to a large and
highly diverse group of invertebrates known as the Phylum mollusca (also known
more commonly as ‘mollusks’). The Phylum mollusca include slugs, clams,
oysters, mussels, squids, octopuses and nautiluses, in addition to snails.
They belong
to the class Gastropoda. Gastropoda are a major part of the phylum mollusca and
are the most highly diversified class in the phylum. Snails belong to the order
stylommatophora (Fryda et al, 2005). Snails are terrestrial and marine
shell-bearing animals of approximately 80,000-100,000 species of the phylum
Mollusca (Cooper and Knowler, 1991). They are the second largest phylum in the
animal kingdom. Europe and Africa are two important regions notable for snail
production and consumption involving mainly the snail families Helicidae and
Achatinidae, respectively. However, the giant African land snails Achatina
achatina and Archachatina marginata are the most popular edible snails in the
West African high forest zones (Ogunsami et al., 2003, Cobinah et. al, 2003).
During dry
spells free-living snails withdraw into their shells and conserve water by
sealing the shell opening with an epiphragm and aestivate by reducing mobility
reproductive behaviour and growth. Water loss is further retarded by the use of
discontinuous breathing pattern; the pneumostome opens intermittently to allow
a rapid exchange of CO and O (Hermes-lima et. al, 1998). When humidity falls
below 75% (as witnessed during the dry season: October to Mid-March in West
Africa), A. achatina becomes inactive and seals itself into its shell with a
white calcareous layer and aestivates in order to prevent loss of water from
the body (Omoyakhi, 2007). A. marginata were observed to form epiphragm more
readily and replace them more frequently than A. achatina (Omoyakhi, 2007).
Snails are said to survive many months without food and water under aestivation
(Akinnusi, 1998). The aestivated snails draw on their reserve of fat and
glycogen at much reduced rate, which implies an imminent reduction in weight
and loss of valuable growing time as growth during aestivation is said to
reduce.
The success
of gastropod molluscs in terrestrial habitats has been due to various
structural, physiological and behavioural specializations (Riddle, 1983). One
specialization that is well developed among the pulmonate land snails is the
capacity to enter the dormant state of aestivation during periods of hot and dry
environmental conditions (Rees and Hand, 1993). Snails can be found in a very
wide range of environments, including ditches, deserts, and the abyssal depths
of the sea. Although many people are familiar with terrestrial snails, they are
in the minority. Several species of the genus Achatina and related genera are
known as giant African land snails (GALS); some grow to 15 in (38 cm) from
snout to tail, and weigh 1 kg (Frederick, 2010).
1.1Justification
of Study
Haemolymph is
the blood analogue found in all arthropods and most molluscs which have an open
circulatory system . It is composed of water, inorganic salts (mostly Na, Cl,
K, Mg and Ca) and organic compounds (mostly carbohydrates, proteins and
lipids). Muscular movements by the animal during locomotion can facilitate
haemolymph movement, but diverting flow from one area to another is limited
(Harris, 2000). Responses to high or low temperatures in the snail induce
aestivation and hibernation.
The
haemolymph is an important medium for the transport of nutrients to and wastes
from various organs of the snail. Aestivation, being a structural,
physiological and behavioural response to desiccation, probably plays a role in
the dynamics of haemolymph changes in land snails as haemolymph ionic
concentration is said to show seasonal fluctuations, strongly influenced by
hydration, feeding and acid/base balance (Langley, 2004). There are limits to
the duration of aestivation that can be tolerated by land snails and mortality
eventually increases as aestivation is prolonged (Rees and Hand, 1993).
Comprehensive values of haemolymph ionic parameters for the giant African land
snails are now popularly reported in literature but none for fasting snails.
Reference range values for haemolymph ionic parameters from non-aestivating,
aestivating and fasting Archachatina marginata could therefore be useful for
assessment of physiologic and pathologic alterations in wild as well as captive
snails and establish their possible application in the evaluation of health and
disease status. The information may also be useful in domestication, management
and bio-conservation initiatives involving this species.
1.2Objective
of the study
This research
therefore studied dynamics of the haemolymph ionic composition of the Giant
African land snail during fasting.
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