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THE IMPACT
OF GLOBALIZATION ON THE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF ECONOMICS IN SSS CLASSES
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
OF THE STUDY
Learning
occupies a central position in man’s existence and this is externally oriented.
Man’s interaction with this environment induces a change in his behavior
resulting from experience. The extent of interaction with the environment is
affected by number of personality factors. Continuous belongingness to the
society demands a degree of conformity.
Unlike the
past centuries, the 20th century saw an unparalled growth in the world economy,
even though in the inter-war era. The world had since turned its back on the
primitive ways of life. Characteristics of the 20th century have access to
international capital flow, technology, cheaper imports, larger export market
and increased competition, division of labor and adoption of comparative cost
advantage principle.
Some
countries, especially in Asia, benefit by having their per capita incomes
moving quickly towards levels in the industrial countries since 1970, all
resulting from the perceived significance of globalization.
Consequently,
a new world order emerges, signaling thereby an integration of power relations.
Globalization
is portrayed in the economists’ picture as a situation whereby artificial
barriers such as tariffs, quotas and exchange controls are done away with
followed by the environment of liberal market forces heralding subsequently a
culture and era of free flow of investments, characterized by shared artifacts,
identical production processes and tastes.
Globalization
is a process, which has affected many areas of human life, one of those being
education.
In the
20thcentury, many developing countries have experienced growth in the
educational facilities available to them due to the entry of institutions from
the West. Some believe that this process is an invaluable opportunity for the
people of the developing countries to raise their skills and standards of
education.
Through
globalization of education, which is being knowledge transfer from the Western
countries into developing countries, is intended to improve the skills and capabilities
of the people receiving it.
For a
developing economy, globalization as it stands today is one of the few tools
that can be used to attain high level of development and economic stability
while for a developed nation, globalization will be one of the tools to use in
order to remain afloat of the world ocean, especially in the midst of economic
adversities, disasters both natural and created, outbreak of diseases, war,
etc.
Education is
undergoing constant changes under the effects of globalization. The effects of
globalization on education bring rapid developments in technology and
communications are foreseeing changes within school systems across the world as
ideas, values and knowledge, changing the roles of students and teachers, and
producing a shift in society from industrialization towards an
information-based society. The rise of a global society driven by technology
and communication developments are shaping children, the future citizens of the
world into ‘global citizens’, intelligent people with a broad range of skills
and knowledge to apply to a competitive, information based society.
The future
of countries often lies within their ability to compete in a global market
where industrial based economies are giving way to knowledge based industries,
realising the importance of knowledge, skills and the intellectual capacity to
meet the challenges of accelerated change and uncertainty.
Education is
a lifelong learning and training process, developing transferable skills and
knowledge that can be applied to competitive markets where knowledge and
information is being traded as a commodity.
The
introduction of technology into the classroom is changing the nature of delivering
education to students is gradually giving way to a new form of electronic
literacy, more programs and education materials are made available in
electronic form, teachers are preparing materials in electronic form and
students are generating papers, assignments and projects in electronic form.
According to
a UN survey (2002), many people lost their jobs, other saw their communities
disintegrated; some even felt that their identity is at stake. Therefore, for
developing nations like Nigeria, the aspect of ICT and globalization that
should concern them is the inequality problems and the unbalanced distribution
of benefits are shared out all over the world.
This was
buttressed in the world in the words of Kofi Annan (1999) “the internet holds
the greatest promise to humanity ever known. The internet has a tool for long
distance learning and universal access to quality education”.
Subsequently,
technology is foreseeing a change in the education environment towards a
reliance on electronic sources to deliver material. With suchchanges and the
emergence of video conferencing and the Internet, the barriers of distance are
beingbroken down at a rapid rate, due to the key aspect of globalization.
According to
Mustafa, Kemal Ataturk (2004) “in order to stave off covetousness, greed and
spite, citizens world over must be educated’’ this accretion tells more of how
education can egalitarian society united, strong and self-reliant nation, great
and dynamic nation on education
especially Nigeria. The society today with its level of advancements
requires the same level of expertise for things to move at par and this can
only be brought about by education.
At this
junction, it must be stated unequivocally that in this information age,
globalization exerts major impacts on the learning and teaching process among
others, hence it can alter the outcome of educational input and outputs.
Greatly
influence of globalization has help to restructure their perception of the
subject matter, economics and its place in the 21st century.
STATEMENT OF
THE PROBLEM
The
knowledge of economics and the ability to apply it to significant problems and
issues are essential elements of responsible citizenship in a democratic
society. Citizens must be able to comprehend and use basic economic concepts in
order to perform adequately as producers, consumers, investors, critiques,
analysts, commentators, agitators’ voters in public election. Widespread
improvements in the ability to perform these roles will yield enormous benefits
to individual and the nation.
However, the
teaching of economics in Nigerian Secondary Schools does not come easy. Such
hard knots includes; students interest and commitment to study, inadequate
qualified and professional teachers, employment and use of crude materials for
teaching, governmental non-support in terms of provision of modern tools,
family background, societal and environmental factors, non-existence of a
serene environment for learning, etc. All these problems has eaten deep into
our educational system thereby leaving it miles behind when compared with other
nations of the world in the same category with Nigeria. Consequently, to
education and all its challenges, it is also highly imperative that the
teachers and the students should learn how to use and integrate the new
technologies, and they should be encouraged to develop curiosity in them.
Though, the
cost of these information and communication technologies are exorbitant, the
cost of not using them in education is by far higher, because denial of access
to information, communications and innovativeness. It means keeping the next
generation in the same cycle of poverty and ignorance. It also means losing one
of the easiest ways of supporting employment.
Therefore,
the research work will examine the impact of globalization on the teaching and
learning process of economics as a subject.
PURPOSE OF
THE STUDY
The purpose
of this research is stated as follows:
· To determine the level of educational
development before the advent of Globalization.
· To ascertain the essence of
Globalization in education.
· To examine the effects of
Globalization on education.
· To determine the effects of
Globalization on teaching and learning in secondary schools.
RESEARCH
QUESTION
The research
questions that will be generated in this course of study are: -
· What is the level of educational
development before the advent of Globalization?
· What is the aim of Globalization to
education?
· What is the impact of globalization on
education?
· What are the effects of Globalization
on the teaching and learning of economics in senior secondary schools?
RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
Ho: - There
is a significant difference between globalization and the teaching and learning
of economics in secondary school.
H1: - There
is no significant difference between globalization and the teaching and
learning of economics in secondary school.
SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
The findings
of the research work will be of help to teachers, students, school management
and educational planners as well as the entire society. It will guide the
teachers on the need to instil appropriate knowledge into the students at the
right stage and at the right place. It keeps educational planners alert of the
pros and cons of Globalization and education.
SCOPE AND
LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The research
study will look at the assessment of the impact of globalization on the
teaching and learning of economics in Nigerian secondary schools, a case study
of selected secondary schools in Lagos state. Because of time constraint, This
study will be delimited to the research design in the five [4] randomly
selected secondary schools in Ikoyi local council government area of Lagos state,
namely, St. Gregory’s college, Aunty Ayo senior secondary school, Ilado
community high school and holy child college. Out of the four randomly selected
schools, two hundred [200] students offering economics will be randomly
selected in all.Research instrument will be the questionnaire, while a
non-parametric test will be used to present the data.
DELIMITATION
OF THE STUDY
The research
tries to look into the entire country Nigeria but due to some factors, such as
time constraint, inadequate supply of data, hostility, illiteracy, unwilling
respondents and finance, the research work is limited to four senior secondary
schools in Ikoyi local government of Lagos state as a case study.
DEFINITION
OF TERMS
GLOBALIZATION:
it refers to the act or process of globalizing: the state of being globalized;
especially the development of an increasingly integrated global economy.
ECONOMICS:
it is defined as a science which study human behavior as a relationship between
ends and scarce means which have alternative uses.
TECHNOLOGY: it is a systematic way of doing things or
solving problem for the good of mankind.
COMMUNICATION:
it is the transfer of messages between two parties and it being understood by
both parties, i.e. the sender and the receiver.
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