EFFECT OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF COWPEA (Vigna unguiculata) ON VISUOSPATIAL LEARNING AND MEMORY IN ACUTE LEAD-INDUCED NEUROTOXICITY IN MICE
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EFFECT OF
AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF COWPEA (Vigna unguiculata) ON VISUOSPATIAL LEARNING AND
MEMORY IN ACUTE LEAD-INDUCED NEUROTOXICITY IN MICE
ABSTRACT
Learning is
the act of acquiring new or modifying and re-inforcing existing knowledge,
while Memory is relatively the permanent storage of the learned information.
Exposure to lead affect brain regions such as hippocampus that are involved in
learning and memory. Succimer drug or meso 2,3 – Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA)
is a metal chelator which is used as an antidote to lead toxicity. This study
aimed at assessing the effect of cowpea (Vigna uinguiculata (L) walp) on
learning and memory in acute lead-induced neuro toxicity in mice using Morris
water and Barnes mazes. In this study 50 mice (18-22g, aged 6-8 weeks) were
used. The animals were divided into two main groups of 25 mice each of the two
memory assessment paradigms. Each paradigm has 5 mice allotted to 5 sub-Groups.
Distilled water 10 ml/kg, succimmer 20 mg/kg, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg Vigna
unguiculata aqueous extract were administered orally. Lead acetate solution at
120 mg/kg was also administered orally using canular to induce acute lead
toxicity on the first day. The result was not statistically significant in the
acquisition sessions and the probe trials for both the Morris water and Barnes
mazes when compared to control. At the end of the study, it was concluded that
Vigna unguiculata at the doses administered has no effect on learning and
memory in acute lead induced neurotoxicity in mice, but that does not mean it
lacks total therapeutic benefit. It was recommended that Co-administration of
cowpea and succimmer might be of a better therapeutic benefit.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
Introduction
Lead is a
poisonous metal, which exist in both organic (Tetraethyl lead) and inorganic
(lead acetate and lead chloride) forms in the environment (Shalan et al.,
2005). The main sources are medicines, paintings, pipes, ammunition. And more
recently, it is found in alloys for welding storage materials for chemical
reagents (Garazaet al., 2006). Exposure to lead mostly occurs through the
respiratory and gastrointestinal systems. Lead is conjugated by the liver and
passed to the kidney, where it is excreted out in urine and the rest
accumulates in various body organs. This affects many biological activities at
the molecular, cellular and intercellular levels, which may result in
morphological alterations that can remain even after lead level has fallen
(Flora et al., 2006; Ibrahimet al., 2012).
Lead
poisoning or lead intoxication is defined as exposure to high levels of lead
typically associated with severe health effects. Poisoning is a pattern of
symptoms that occur with toxic effects from mild to high levels of exposure;
toxicity is a wider spectrum of effects, including subclinical ones (those that
do not cause symptoms) (Guidotfi and Ragain, 2007). The amount of lead in the
blood and tissues, as well as the time course of exposure, determines toxicity.
Lead poisoning may be acute (from intense exposure of short duration) or
chronic (from repeat low-level exposure over a prolonged period), but the
chronic is much more common (Rossi, 2008).
Diagnosis and
treatment of lead exposure are based on blood lead level measured in micrograms
of lead perdeciliter of blood (μg/dL). A blood lead level of 10 μg/dL or above
is a cause for concern; however, lead may impair development and have harmful
health effects even at lower levels, and there is no known safe exposure level
(Barbosa, et al., 2005).
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