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ANALYSIS OF
INVESTIGATION IN CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR IN NIGERIA
CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
During the
closing decades of the twentieth century, owerri justice policy underwent major
change. In less than a generation, a justice system that had viewed most young
lawbreakers as youngsters whose crimes were the product of immaturity was
transformed into one that stands ready to hold many youths to the same standard
of criminal accountability it imposes on adults (Elizabeth & Laurence,
2008).
Universally,
until 1998, children aged ten to fourteen who were charged with a criminal
offence were presumed, in any court hearing, to be doliincapax (‘incapable of
evil’); that is, they were presumed not to be capable of knowing that a
particular behavior was ‘seriously wrong’ as opposed to being merely
‘naughty’(Elizabeth & Laurence, 2008). In England, for example, it was the
responsibility of the prosecution to demonstrate, beyond reasonable doubt, that
the child in question was capable of recognizing behavior that was seriously
wrong. Children aged between ten and fourteen were thus afforded some
procedural protection from the full weight of the criminal law (Newburn, 2002).
However, the presumption of doliincapax was abolished in England by the Crime
and Disorder Act 1998 (Bandalli, 2000).
Although
‘crime’ is a fiercely contested concept (Muncie, 2001), in legal terms a crime
occurs when a specific act that is proscribed in law is committed. An act may
have harmful consequences and be regarded as morally reprehensible, but if it
is not so proscribed then a criminal offence has not been committed. Therefore anti-social
behaviors of the minors should not be considered as a crime. Mooney and Young
(2006) argue that anti-social behaviors, as the name implies, should be
perceived as infringements of social or moral norms, not criminal codes.
Justice
system for minors has gradually developed to what it is today. In South Africa,
for example, there are two main factors that promoted the development of
justice system for the minors: the number of crimes committed by minors
increased through the 1980s and early 1990s, peaking in 1995 (Jansson, 2007);
and media coverage of high-profile cases and the frequent portrayal of hooded
teenagers terrorizing communities suggested that young people are becoming
increasingly criminalized. Indeed, one study found that 71 per cent of media
stories about young people were negative and a third of articles concerned the
issue of crime (Ipsos MORI, 2006).
Since the
inception of a justice system that ensures young law breakers are dealt with in
the same standard as adults reports indicate that the levels of crime have
decreased and have been stable since 2005/06 (Jansson, 2007). However, although
the introduction of the justice system for minors saw a reduction in crimes
committed by the youth, it is well-recognized internationally, and in Nigeria,
that preventing crime is an essential and effective part of longterm crime
reduction.
In USA and
Britain National household surveys have been carried out to measure the level
of owerri Ivestigation in crime. Such
studies have generally found that offending is widespread amongst youth, but
that most offending is relatively minor and transient in nature (Visher &
Roth 2010). Large scale self-report studies on representative owerri samples
conducted in Australia, such as adolescents in particular schools or in
particular suburbs of major cities indicate that owerri offending is widespread
(Mak, 2011).
It is not
only developed countries that are facing this situation; in developing
countries as well there are new pressures on young people undergoing the
transition from childhood to independence. In Africa, rapid population growth,
the unavailability of housing and support services, poverty, unemployment and
underemployment among youth, the decline in the authority of local communities,
overcrowding in poor urban areas, the disintegration of the family, and
ineffective educational systems are some of the pressures young people must
deal with (Ojo, 2012).NIn Nigeria, according to study carried out in Kamiti
Youth Corrective Training centre (KYTC) the increase in the number of minors
who drop out of school, the escalating poverty and unemployment level, poor
parenting strategies and drug abuse among the young people, have seen steep
increase of minors involved in crime (Omboto et al. 2013). The study further
found out that most of the criminals in the major towns in Nigeria are aged
between 15 and 25 years. When these young stars take drugs, they cease to be
normal people. They turn to crime to get money for drugs (Makhoha, 2008). is one of the counties in Nigeria that is
exposed to the pressures of crime. Several clashes in the county that is led by
the youth indicate the delinquency of the youth into criminal activities
(Falcetto, 2012).
Strict law
enforcement combined with tough criminal justice and sentencing systems, has
failed to reduce crime effectively and has led to soaring rates of imprisonment
at great cost to governments (Elizabeth & Laurence, 2008). In addition,
researchers argue that International evidence indicates that young people,
particularly those who are committing first crimes, tend to get involved in a
range of crimes rather than specializing in a certain type of crime. In
addition, international research shows that young people who commit crime are
likely to experience other problems such as bullying, attempted suicide, drug
use, lying, hostility and, unprotected sex (Omboto et al., 2013; Akers &
Sellers 2008). These are important indicators for identifying at risk youth who
may be targeted for early crime prevention programmes.
For many
owerris today, traditional patterns guiding the relationships and transitions
between family, school and work are being challenged (Akers & Sellers,
2008). Social relations that ensure a smooth process of socialization are
collapsing; lifestyle trajectories are becoming more varied and less
predictable. The restructuring of the labour market, the extension of the
maturity gap (the period of dependence of young adults on the family) and,
arguably, the more limited opportunities to become an independent adult are all
changes influencing relationships with family and friends, educational
opportunities and choices, labour market participation, leisure activities and
lifestyles (Prior & Paris, 2005).
Owerris
nowadays, regardless of gender, social origin or country of residence, are
subject to individual risks but are also being presented with new individual
opportunities; some beneficial and some potentially harmful. Quite often,
advantage is being taken of illegal opportunities as young people commit various
offences, become addicted to drugs, and use violence against their peers.
According to Omboto et al. (2013) the minors are not able to distinguish which
factors will perpetuate their indulgence into criminal activities. They
therefore get involved in criminal activities without their knowledge (Omboto
et al.2013). According to Mooney and Young (2006), studies need to be carried
out to identify the context specific factors that promote owerri Ivestigation in crime. It is in line with
this background that this study sought to distinguish the opportunities
presented to youths that contribute to
Ivestigation of minors into criminal activities.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Crime is a
major concern to every nation. More so is the
Ivestigation of minors in criminal activities. In Nigeria there is
increasing cases of children involved in criminal activities indicated by the
high number of minors arrested or sentenced due to criminal acts (Omboto et al.
2013). However, although the justice system ensures that the minors are subject
to law for any criminal activity, the tough laws have failed to reduce crime
effectively. Instead the laws have only led to soaring rates of imprisonment
which is at great cost to governments (Ojo, 2012).
The problem
of owerri delinquency is still becoming more complicated and universal, and
crime prevention programmes are either unequipped to deal with the present
realities or do not exist. Moreover, researchers have neglected this area of
study (Mooney & Young, 2006). While Omboto et al. (2013) carried out a
study in Nigeria to assess the factors influencing youth crime and owerri
delinquency, the study did not focus on owerris but rather convicted youths in
prisons. Another study by Makokha (2008) focused on the male capital offenders
in Kamiti Prison. Additionally, Mooney & Young (2006) argues that it is
difficult to construct an accurate picture of crime among minors, due to a lack
of long-term, selfreport studies and changes to legislation on minors involved
in crime. There is therefore knowledge gap on the Ivestigation
of owerri Ivestigation in crime.
Research
however revealed that generally, a person's decision to commit crime is based
on a range of complex and intersecting social, personal, and environmental
factors (Omboto et al. 2013; Jansson, 2007; Visher & Roth, 2010; Ojo,
2012). Becoming familiar with these social and environmental causes, and
seeking ways to address them, are at the heart of youth crime prevention and
are also the key areas for local government intervention. This study therefore
sought to examine the Ivestigation of owerri
Ivestigation in criminal behavior in Taita- Taveta County.
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. What are the factors that promote
owerris Ivestigation in criminal
behavior in Taita- Taveta County?
2. What is the level of owerri Ivestigation in criminal behaviors in
TaitaTaveta County?
3. How has owerri Ivestigation in criminal behaviors impacted
on ?
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. To examine the factors that promote
owerris Ivestigation in criminal
behavior in
2. To find out the level of owerri Ivestigation in criminal behaviors in
3. To investigate the impact of
owerris Ivestigation in criminal
behaviors in Taita- Taveta County
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
1. Neglect from parents promotes
owerri Ivestigation in criminal behavior
in Taita- Taveta County
2. There is high level of owerri Ivestigation in criminal behavior in
3. There is insecurity in due to owerri Ivestigation in criminal behaviors
1.6 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
Crime is a
priority concern in Nigeria. Of particular concern is the fact that young
people make up the largest group of victims of violent crime; and that they are
also the majority perpetrators of crime in our cities (Omboto et al. 2013).
Indeed, some young people are themselves both victims and perpetrators of
crime. Owerri crime prevention programmes need to find innovative ways of
addressing this duality.
Some aspects
of children’s behaviors, such as temperament, are established during the first
5 years of life (Elizabeth & Laurence, 2008). This foundation, coupled with
children’s exposure to certain risk and protective factors, influences the
likelihood of children becoming delinquent at a young age. However, the
identification of these multiple risk and protective factors has proven to be a
difficult task. Although no magic solutions exist for preventing or correcting
child delinquency, identifying risk and protective factors remains essential to
developing interventions to prevent child delinquency from escalating into
chronic criminality.
In a bid to
ensure social development in the country, as one of the major pillars in the
Millennium Development Goals and Nigeria’s Vision 2030, the government is
putting up measures to deal with crime in the country. Crime among the youth
has attracted attention as the government ratified conventions and developed
laws to deal with young criminal offenders. The information from this study may
help the government in developing more effective strategies in dealing with
criminal activities among the minors.
The
information from this study might also be useful to the general public in
understanding the increase in rate of criminal activities by the minors. The
identification of the Ivestigation of minors’
Ivestigation in criminal behaviors may assist the parents and guardians
in putting up early measures to curb crime among the minors. Further the
information from this study could also assist the community and the society in
general in preventing and developing policies to deal with crime.
Crime and
ways to deal with crime has received a lot of attention from researchers.
However, most studies have focused on the prevention measures of crime among
adults (Makoha, 2008). Recently focus have turned on crime among minors as it
is generally agreed that preventing criminal behaviors at early age will come a
long way in reducing crime in the country. The study on the Ivestigation
of owerris’ Ivestigation in
criminal behaviors in will therefore
attract researchers and academicians who are in need of educating more and
providing solutions to effective and efficient crime prevention and reduction
among minors. Hopefully, the information from the study will also form a basis
for other researchers and academicians who are willing to carry out studies in
the same field in Sub-Saharan Africa.
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study
was carried out in . The county was
chosen by the researcher following reports in the mainstream media in the month
of December 2013 that a large number of youths are involved in crime in the
county (Gatonye, 2014). This was witnessed by several clashes in the county
that majorly involved the youths. Recent reports by the police also indicate an
increase in crime among the youths. Although this is a scourge, according to
the police, that is affecting the whole country, studies have mainly focused on
counties with major towns such as Nairobi, Kisumu, Nakuru and Mombasa Counties
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