THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS AND EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND OF PARENTS ON STUDENT ACADEMIC ENGAGEMENT IN BOOK-KEEPING
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THE
INFLUENCE OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS AND EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND OF PARENTS ON
STUDENT ACADEMIC ENGAGEMENT IN BOOK-KEEPING
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Examinations
have always been used as the main basis for judging a student’s ability and
also as a means of selection for educational advancement and employment. A lot
of students do not perform well in the
Junior Secondary Certificate Examinations. The poor performance has raised
concern and efforts have been made to find out the reasons behind it. For poor
performance of students in schools, many factors such as lack of facilities in
school, lack of teachers, indiscipline unfavorable home environment, low
intelligence, anxiety and students’ need to achieve have been found as being
the causes (Ndirangu, 2007). However, parental socio-economic and educational
background was found to be an important factor in determining academic
engagement of students. From the beginning, parents have been the major persons
involved in raising children in every society. That is why the family is
recognized as an important agent of socialization.
Adekeyi
(2002) observed that it is mainly through their efforts and abilities that
children are socialized to become productive citizens. So, wherever parents
possess the resources and skills; and apply them effectively and joyfully in
raising their children, the entire society benefits. This brings joy and pride
to the nation, and encourages development and peaceful co-existence. The
children themselves feel good and bring happiness to their parents and the
whole community. The home is the first place of learning for the child. The
quality of home environment goes a long way in determining the eventual
personality and achievement of the child. Psychologists had classified the
factors that affect learning into two broad categories namely, nature and
nurture. It has been discovered that the two categories play complementary
roles. As nature determines the level of intelligence and inherited abilities
of the child, nurture helps to maximize these innate abilities. According to
Ekinne (2002), nurture involves the home, the school, the environment and peer
groups to which the learner belongs. The home has far reaching influence on the
child. Babara (1982) said that the child home environment influences attainment
at school. Also, Touray (1982) suggested that the home environmental variables
could be manipulated to enhance students’ academic performance.
The level of
educational attainment of parents could influence the academic achievement of
their children. According to European Union Monitoring Report (2013), those students
whose parents have a tertiary level of education perform, on average,
significantly better in tests of science, reading and mathematical ability than
those whose parents have only basic schooling. In a family where both the
father and mother are educated, their children are always taken good care of in
their academic activities. Such parents know the importance of getting
educational materials for their children in school. They may go through their
children’s exercise books after school, or even employ a private teacher to
teach them after school. By so doing, their academic performance will be
improved whereas in the case of illiterate family, the need to supervise the
children’s exercise books is not there, hence their children experience low academic
performance in school. Educated parents may also have library at home, stocked
with novels, encyclopedia and other educational books and educational audio
visual tapes. When children make use of these materials, it will enhance their
intellect.
Moreover,
Parents of different occupation classes often have different styles of child
rearing, different ways of disciplining their children and different ways of
reacting to their children. These differences do not express themselves
consistently as expected in the case of every family; rather they influence the
average tendencies of families for different occupational classes (Rothestein,
2004). In line with the above assertion,
Hill and Cantu (2004) had also argued that socio–economic status of parents do
not only affect the academic performance, but also makes it possible for
children from low background to compete well with their counterparts from high
socio – economic background under the same academic environment. Moreover,
Smith, Fagan and Ulvund (2002) had asserted that significant predicator of
intellectual performance at age of 8 years included parental socio economic
status (SES). In the same vein, other researchers had posited that parental
socio economic status could affect school children as to bring about
flexibility to adjustment to the different school schedules (Guerin and Maundu
2001). In a previous local finding in Nigeria, Oni (2007) and Omoegun (2007)
had averred that there is significant difference between the rates of deviant
behaviour among students from high and low socio–economic statuses.
The health
status of the children which could also be traceable to parental socio – economic
background can be another factor that can affect the academic performance of
the students. Adewale (2002) had reported that in a rural community where
nutritional status is relatively low and health problems are prevalent,
children academic performance is greatly hindered. This assertion is again
hinged on nature of parental socio–economic background. Moreover, Eze (1996)
had opined that when a child get proper nutrition, health care, stimulation
during pre–school years, the ability to interact with take optimal advantage of
the full complement of resources offered by any formal learning environment is
enhanced. According to Asaolu
(2002), book keeping and accounting is the process of recording, classifying,
selecting, measuring, interpreting, summarizing and reporting financial data of
an organization to the users for objective assessment and decision making. Accounting data are processed into accounting
information through the use of accounting principles and conventions. The
accounting principles are known as generally accepted accounting principles.
They are the basic fundamentals which guide accountants in recording,
appreciating and assessing accounting information as well as the preparation
and interpretation of financial statements. The accounting information system
is proven, time honored, and its format is universally understood. Books of
accounts prepared by accountants in one part of the world are easily understood
by their counterparts in other parts of the world because the information
system is based on principles that are widely accepted and globally used. It is
an information and measurement system that identifies, records and communicates
relevant, reliable and comparable financial data about an organization’s
business activities (Wild,2003:4) It helps us make better decision, including
assessing opportunities, products, investments and social and community
responsibilities, Accounting activities according to Needles et al embraces all
the line functions performed in accounting process and which include general
financial accounting, accounting systems and design, cost accounting,
budgeting, taxation, auditing and data processing. Agbo (2007) also define book
keeping in terms of career opportunities and according to sub areas of study.
Book keeping
is that aspect of accounting concerned with recording of business transactions
and the preparation of financial statements and reports to be used internally
by management for planning, control and decision making, and externally by
investors, creditors as well as government agencies for investment decisions
cum tax returns, computation and assessment. Furthermore, book keeping provides
quantitative financial information about economic entities for internal and
external users to use in making decisions such as whether to invest further or
not. It activities according to needles et al embraces all the lines functions
performed in accounting process and which includes general financial
accounting, accounting systems and designs, cost accounting, budgeting,
taxation, auditing and data processing (agbo 2007).
Book keeping
can be classified in terms of car It aids proprietors’ access to the efficiency
of management and provide information which assists parties outside the
organization to make objective judgment about the organization. In the
secondary schools, the objective of teaching this important subject is to
provide students with the basic method of processing data to develop
manipulative skills and provide knowledge for career advancement in accounting
to develop an economic understanding of business vocabulary to help students
develop and have understanding of basic accounting concept and principles, in
summary to be self reliant.
Studies that
explored the factors leading to university enrollment declines of accounting
majors report that such declines have been largely due to the perceptions held
among the secondary school students regarding the accounting profession Tan and
Laswad (2005) Saudagaran (1996). Some other studies have reported that
accounting teachers themselves may be influential in students’ decision in
accounting Tan and Laswad (2005) Paolillo and Estes, (1982); Cangelosi, Condie,
and Luthy (1985). This suggests that as an extension of the teacher’ influence,
the teaching methodologies utilized by teacher for conveying the topics of
accounting are important aspects in shaping students’ proclivities for accounting.
Accounting students in secondary school have been observed as the group of
students most likely to be challenged or turned off by the subject of
accounting Saudagaran (1996). With accounting as a gateway subject in the
commercial department curriculum, concerned administrators and designers of
secondary school programs of accounting administration must be cognizant of the
important function of strategic teaching methodologies in changing secondary
school student’s perceptions about accounting.
Moreover, it is believed that higher socio
economic status and high levels of education may enhance parents' ability at
becoming involved in their children's education, and also enable parents to
acquire and model social skills and problem-solving strategies conducive to
children's school success. Thus, students whose parents have higher
socio-economic status and higher levels of education may have an enhanced
regard for learning, more positive ability beliefs, a stronger work
orientation, and they may use more effective learning strategies than children
of parents with lower socio-economic status and lower levels of education
(Joan, 2009). How true this assertion could be among the junior secondary
school students in Ogun State will be the major focus of this research work.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The
influence of differences in home background has been considered by many
researchers over the years on both the negative and positive effect of this on
the formal form of education in term of the student academic performance, many
of this researchers asserted that parent
education qualification is one of the major determinant of students academic
engagement in school, many of whom suggested that students from illiterate
parents tend to face lack of motivation from parents who has little or no
appreciation to education, and this may lead to poor student academic
engagement in school.
Also parental socio-economic status of
students is what many have found to be the reason for students poor academic
engagement with the believe that when parent are wealthy, students are more
like to perform well, they will attend a better school, mingle with students
from the same caliber of parents with high socio- economic class who give
education a higher priority. Thus will engage better in their academic career
than those from poor family who they believe tend to experience the opposite.
This research investigates on the influence of the educational and
socio-economic status of parents on the academic engagement of students.
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The
following research question shall be the consideration of this research work.
1. Will the socio-economic status
of parents affect student academic engagement?
2. Will the educational
background of parents affects student academic engagement?
3. Are students from a poor
background different to those that hail from a rich background in academic
engagement?
4. Does the illiterate parents
give attribute less importance to the education of their children?
1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
The null
hypotheses tested in this research work are as follows:
H01 There is
no significant relationship among parental socio-economic status, educational
background and academic engagement.
H02 There is
no significant relative contribution of parental educational background and
socio-economic status on student academic engagement
H03 There is
no significant joint contribution of parental socio-economic status and
educational background on student academic engagement.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
It has been
envisaged that the findings of this study may expose some factors that might be
responsible for poor engagement of students in school. The identified areas
where government at different levels could come in will be brought into focus
in other to bridge the gap of educational attainment of children of low and
high income earners in the society as well as student from illiterate parents
home. The study will also encourage the policy makers to make a Social and
economic policies to put in place and enable children from parents of low economic
status to have equal opportunity of advancing the cause of education of their
children. It will help Parents who are not educated or has low educational
qualification on the importance of allowing their children to attend remedial
summer coaching provided by non–governmental organization during holidays to
supplement the regular school programmed.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study is
delimited to Ogun State junior secondary school students while only with focus
on students in Ijebu North Local Government as sample for this research work.
1.7
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Education
background: These refers to the past educational achievement or level of
educational attainment of a child’s parents.
Parents:
these refer to the person who act as a parent or responsible for fatherly and
motherly role of a child.
Socio economic
status: this when use simply refer to the class of the parent in term of
income, position held and educational level of such parent.
Book
keeping: this is one of the subjects in secondary school which was designed to
help prepare student for accounting as a course in higher institution.
Academics
Engagement: it refers to the attitude and action of a student toward its
educational career or study.
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