INFLUENCE OF DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES ON THE PERCEPTION OF THE TEACHERS ON THE TEACHING OF HIV/AIDS EDUCATION
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INFLUENCE OF
DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES ON THE PERCEPTION OF THE TEACHERS ON THE TEACHING OF
HIV/AIDS EDUCATION
ABSTRACT
Health is
wealth is a common saying among the people. For people to live a healthy life
many precautions will have to be taken. The health condition of the people is
of great concern to government and people who are involved in health care
delivery. One of the health problems facing our society now is the problem of
HIV/AIDS which has become epidemic. Reproductive health programmes has been
given a considerate focus in the health policies. The problem of AIDS has
become a global one for the United Nation Organisation (UNO) has declared December
1st of every year the World AIDS Day. This Day was first marked on 1stDecember
1998. This is an effort to raise awareness to the unending epidemic. Statistics
from the 2003 edition of the AIDS epidemic by UNAIDS shows that Two million
dies of AIDS related causes in 2002. Efforts are being made to find solution to
this problem. HIV/AIDS has claimed the lives of 25 million people since the
start of the epidemic according to greater than one organisation. The havoc
HIV/AIDS has caused to human being is monumental. The situation is worse in
African Nations because of the poverty level. This problem has been a source of
worries to many African leaders and government as well. According to Mandela
(2002) “AIDS today in Africa is claiming more lives than the sum total of all
wars, famines and floods, and the ravages of such deadly diseases as malaria.
It is devastating families and communities, overwhelming and depleting health
care services, and robbing schools of both students and teachers”. Therefore,
this study investigate how teachers of physical education perceive the
teaching of HIV/AIDS Education in
secondary schools as one way being advocated for solution to the HIV/AIDS
epidemic through education.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background to the Study
The Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) which causes the Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome (AIDS) was first discovered in the early 1980s. It has spread more
rapidly than most diseases in recent history, having social cultural,
economical and moral repercussions on individuals, families, communities and
threatening foundations of entire societies. Over the years, the link between
HIV/AIDS and impoverishment has grown and even stronger as the diseases is
infecting and affecting the younger generation who are the productive labour
force of every economy. HIV infections are spreading quickly within the youth
populations and what happens to them today will determine what becomes of them
and their communities in the future. An estimated 11.8 million young people
aged 15-24 are living with HIV/AIDS, and half of all new infections, over 6,000
daily, are occurring among them. (The Joint United Nations Programme on
HIV/AIDS, UNAIDS, 2003.).
The World
Health Organization (WHO) has identified HIV/AIDS as one of the world’s first
health emergency and an urgent threat to global public health. It reveals that
HIV/AIDS is the worlds’ second widely spread communicable disease and the sixth
common cause of death globally. (WHO, 2004) In international circles in recent
years, it has received as much attention as other pressing global questions
like war, terrorism, environmental degradation among others. According UNAIDS
(2006), about 65 millionpeople have been affected and more than 25 million
people have died of AIDS related causes. The situation is made even gloomier,
with 29 million new infections estimated by 2020 if prevention and treatment
are not accelerated.
Physical
education is the main source of physical activity for children during the
school day. Parents and other adult including teachers and school board members
play an important role in ensuring that children have regular access to
physical education and that children get enough physical activity.
Health
authorities recommend children get at lest 60 miuntes of moderate to vigorous
physical activity daily whist children do not get enough sedentary living is
one of the most challenging public health problems. Physical in activity is the
fourth leading cause of death. And sedentary children are at risk for overweight,
obesity and other chronic disease.
The United
Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) report for 2006, states that
several countries report success in reducing HIV infections. However, the
overall infection rate is on the rise. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) remains the
highest affected region. The WHO (2004) has classified HIV/AIDS as the main
cause of adult mortality in Africa. It affirms that about 3.1% and 3.9% of all
male and female deaths respectively are caused by ADDS related diseases. In the
same vein, UNAIDS (2006) fact sheet states that 63% of the global HIV/AIDS
infections are in Africa, South of the Sahara with the prevalence rate highest
among the age group 15-49 years. It is for which reason African heads of states
declared AIDS as a state of emergency in the continent during the African
Development Forum (2000).
UNAIDS/WHO
(2007) estimate the number of persons living with HIV worldwide is
33.2
million. Deaths related to HIV/AIDS declined from 2.2 million in 2005 to 2.0
million in 2007. However, the number of new infections rose to 2.5 times higher
than the number of infected persons receiving treatment (UNAIDS, 2008). Rather
than being complacent, this underscores the need for countries to increase
their commitment to prevention efforts. This is necessary if this pandemic must
start reversal in order to meet the 2015 target by the MDGs and to save
humanity from an impending scourge. The WHO (2005) observes that young people
in Nigeria are highly affected. Indeed, a third of Nigerians infected are 18-35
years of age. This age group constitutes all Nigerians who are in secondary
school, high school, University, vocational schools, professional schools and
those in active service. Mbanya, Martyn & Paul (2008) stated the
socio-economic impact of the disease is profound with growing numbers of
sections being affected, and high hospital bed occupancy rampant. They add that
this results in overstretched medical personnel and extra burden to the health
and education sectors where school teachers are reported to be unproductive on
several counts and morbidity increasing from opportunistic infections. This of
course, poses a major challenge to the socio-economic development of the
country considering the fact that the age group below 18 makes up about 42% of
the entire population (Population Reference Bureau, 2009).
Health
Education is not a recent teaching in the school system. A look through the
curricular development in Nigerian Education reveals the various ways in which
health related issues has been treated. Attempts to introduce population and
family life education into both formal and informal sector of Nigerian
education could be traced back to 1980's. By 1985, reproductive health
education has been integrated into some school subjects like Biology,
Integrated Science, Physical and Health Education, Home Economics, Religious
and Moral Education at both the Junior Secondary School (JSS) and Senior
Secondary School (SSS) levels. As a result of globalisation many things are
wrong with our social life styles. One of the effects of the bad social life of
our people is the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Despite the various attempt to mould the
life of our people on sexual matters and moderate their behaviour through the
use of condoms in preventing HIV/AIDS, not much success have been attained.
Adara, (2003).
Physical
& Health Education Teachers in secondary schools perceive that introducing
HIV/AIDS Education in school will reduce the epidemic caused by the disease
which the study intends to look at.
1.2
Statement of the Problem
Over the
years, the researcher has noticed with keen interest that there has been an
increase in death of people that are associated with HIV/AIDS issues. Different
people have come up with claims and counter claims about cures to HIV/AIDS.
Scientific studies have proved that no cure has been found for HIV/AIDS. The
dilemma which people have been thrown into due to no solution to the ravaging
HIV/AIDS has led to the view of Physical and health education in secondary
school that teaching HIV/AIDS Education in schools can be used to fight war
against AIDS.
One school
of thought believed that a separate school subject should be introduced for the
purpose of addressing the problem of HIV/AIDS epidemic. Another school of
thought however argue that the teaching of HIV/AIDS education will be an
attempt to overload the already overloaded school subjects and over tasking the
teachers.
The problem
of this study is designed to investigate the influence of gender, educational
qualification, teaching experience, and location of school on the perception of
Physical and Health Education teachers on the teaching of HIV/AIDS Education in
secondary schools.
1.3 Purpose
of this Study
The purpose
of this study is to investigate the influence of gender, educational
qualification, teaching experience, and location of school on the perception of
Physical and Health Education teachers on the teaching of HIV/AIDS Education in
secondary schools and how the skills attained in schools can be used to fight
the war pose by HIV/AIDS epidemic.
1.4 Research
Questions
1. Will gender influence the perception of
physical and health education teachers on HIV/AIDS education teaching in
secondary schools?
2. Will educational qualification influence
the perception of physical and health education teachers on HIV/AIDS education
teaching?
3. Will teaching experience influence the
perception of physical and health education teachers on HIV/AIDS
education teaching?
4. Will location of school influence the
perception of physical and health education teachers on HIV/AIDS education
teaching?
1.5 Research
Hypotheses
The
following research hypotheses were tested in the research study:
1. Gender will not significantly influence
the perception of Physical and health education teachers on HIV/AIDS education
in schools.
2. Educational qualification will not
significantly influence the perception of Physical and health education teachers
on HIV/AIDS education in schools.
3. There will be no significant influence on
the perception of Physical and health education on HIV/AIDS education in
schools based on their teaching experience.
4. There will be no significant influence on
the perception of Physical and health education on HIV/AIDS education in
schools based on the location of their school.
1.6
Significance of the Study
The study
will be of great benefit to teachers, educators, curriculum developers,
authors, parents, students and the general society.
To the
teachers, the findings will show their current view on HIV/AIDS education in
secondary school. The study shall provide correct analysis of teaching which
will help to reshape things for better. It will also provide remedial
strategies in the reconstruction of school curriculum.
The findings
of the study will be of great importance to curriculum designers in planning
for curriculum programme in schools. It will help them to know what to include
in the content of the curriculum so as to help solve the problem of HIV/AIDS
epidemic.
To the
educators, the finding of the will let them see the need to provide necessary
in-service programme such as workshop, seminars etc. for teachers so as to
increase their skills in teaching.
To the
authors, the finding of the study will help to structure their books in such a
way that will simplify the content of the syllabus to the students. By the
results of this study, authors will organise contents of their textbooks in
such a way that students will be able to cope with themes of HIV/AIDS.
The result
of the study will also serve as basis for further research work in the area of
using education to solve the problems of HIV/AIDS.
1.7
Limitation of the Study
The problem
that will be encountered by researcher will be lack of co-operation from the
respondents and the inability to cover many schools due to time constrain.
1.8
Delimitation of the Study
The study is
delimited to the following:
1. Public Secondary Schools in Oshodi/Isolo
Local Government Area, Lagos State.
2. One- hundred Physical and health education
teachers in five secondary schools in Osodi/Isolo Local Government Area of
Lagos State.
3. JSS3 Students in five selected secondary
schools in
4. Descriptive survey research method.
5. The use of self- structured questionnaire
only as the instrument.
6. The use of two research assistants
7. Frequency counts and percentages for demographic data, while inferential statistics of
chi-square for hypothesis testing at 0.05 alpha level.
1.9
Operational Definition of Terms
The
following terms are defined for the purpose of this study:
AIDS:
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Condom: Thin rubber covering wear on penis to protect
sexual disease during intercourse
Epidemic:
Disease attacking many people at the same time
HIV: Human
Immune Deficiency Syndrome which leads to AIDS
Perception:
To view or feeling about an issue
Precaution:
Something done to prevent future trouble.
Physical
education: Is the main source of physical activity for children during the
school
day ,
Health: is
being in an optimal level of wellness of the resident in Oshodi/Isolo Academic
Performance:This refers: to the level or rate at which students in school
perform in their academic career. It also shows the level at which students
carry out their school works at a given period of time and the result of it.
Students:
This means a person who is studying at a college, polytechnic, or university;
boy or girl
attending schools; anyone who studies or who is devoted to the acquisition of
knowledge.
Teacher: A
teacher is a person who provides education for pupils (children) and student
(Adults).
The roles of teacher are often formal and on-going carried out at a school or
other place
of formal education
Education
can be referred to as an act or process of developing and cultivating, (whether
physically, mentally, or morally) ones mental activities or senses; the
expansion, strengthening, and discipline, of one's mind, faculty, etc.; the
forming and regulation of principles and character in order to prepare and fit
for any calling or business by systematic instruction
Public
School: These are school that are funded by government and are not based on the
ability to pay privately instituted fees.
Secondary
education normally takes place in secondary schools, taking place after primary
education and may be followed by higher education or vocational training, some
countries, only primary or basic education is compulsory, but secondary
education is included in compulsory education in most countries.
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