SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF SPOUSE BEHAVIOUR AND ITS EFFECTS ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS
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SOCIOLOGICAL
PERSPECTIVE OF SPOUSE BEHAVIOUR AND ITS EFFECTS ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF
STUDENTS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Considerable
researches such as Williams and Williams 2005, Simon 2006, Giddens 1998, and
Beck 1992, 1994, now reveals the contribution of parental involvement in
learning activities of student as well as the school programme to positive
outcomes. However, one cannot really ascertain the contribution of either
spouse in this regards. Nonetheless, if one evaluates the social influences
upon the development of individuals, one may not likely find any other with
greater influence than the family.
The Family
thus have a great role to play in the personality of their children. The family includes the
parents (father mother and siblings) as well as the forces that come to play on
the family- Sociological, economical and personality of the parents.
The family
as a social unit is usually recognized for its importance in many roles. The
psychological role of parent within the family needs to be understood by
parents. They cater and provide for their children during the early years of
growth, a segment of many others roles to be performed. It is pertinent to say
that intense maternal love at infancy is as important to a child as adequate
nutrition is. In other words the mother is not just expected to provide the
necessary nutritional diets, but should as well show concern and attention for
the child from the infant age and be interested to what happens to the child.
In recent
years a great deal of attention has been focused on the assertion that children
reared or raised by single mothers are believed to be prone to delinquency,
Dennis and Erdos (1993). This is usually seen in terms of a father. The
implication of this inadequacy is that such children are likely to have a below
average academic achievement. Perhaps one may argue that it is not the gender
of the parents that matters but rather the quality of and determination with
which they take their roles. Despite this, some researchers have posited that
the single mothers are somehow raising children in inferior settings. Thus,
young and Smith (1999) conducted a research on single mothers and came out with
these; That 56% children were more likely to be poor and delinquents than those
living with both parents who are 11% likely to be delinquents.
On the other
hand the paternal behavior also affects the academic performance of students.
The influence of the father in the family is of equal importance. The attitude
of the father towards the mother has been observed to have an indirect effect
on the child, during the nursing period.
Moreso, the
working patterns of men have been observed to have adverse effect on children.
Shift work and workaholism can all eat into the time available to spend with
the children. Obviously the nature of
parental work is likely to impact upon
children, a bad day at work is often a
consequent of high temperament, and aggression is often extended to the
children. Consequently the child becomes
withdrawn and does not get the right stimulation in his or her academic
activities.
Put
differently, some people have argued that fatherhood and fathering are two
different things. Fatherhood refers to the normal biological affiliation while
fathering refers to the continuous role of a “father” being provided by the
male figure in terms of living to his responsibilities. The provider for the
family is the tenet behind an old style fathering identity and although slowly
altering, it is still very strong in the contemporary society.
Field (1996)
and Green (1998) also reveals that in new labour philosophy (NLP) fathers must
be responsible for the financial provision of their family and themselves.
These provisions range from the financial needs, emotional and psychological
needs of the child. The financial needs of the children thus, are the
educational needs of the child. In line with this, world conference on
education for all (NCEFA) declared in Thailand in1990 that “Every child person,
youth and adult shall be able to benefit from educational opportunities
designed to meet their basic learning needs”. These needs comprise both
essential learning tools such as (knowledge, skills, values and attitudes)
required by human beings to be able to survive and develop their full
capacities. This affirmation was later echoed that year at the world summit for Children (WSC) who
in its final declaration also stated that all children should have access to basic education by the year 2000
From the
foregoing we can say then, that it is
the right and privilege of the child to be educated. Hence the parents
must provide the means for these rights. According to Child Right Act of 2003
section 15 sub section (1) states:-
“Every child
has the right to free compulsory and universal basic education and it shall be
the duty of the Government in Nigeria to provide such education.”
Every parent
or guardian shall ensure that his child or ward attends and complete this:
a. Primary school education and
b. Junior secondary school education
Every parent
guardian or person who has the care and custody of a child who has completed
his basic education shall Endeavour to send the child to a senior secondary
school, except as provided for by sub
section (4) of this section.
It follows
too that the child’s educational right is entrenched in the constitution and
anything contrary to this, is tantamount to infringement of the child’s rights.
However the
financial status of the parents could sometimes hinder this rights and this
inadequacy could necessitate the behaviour of either spouse as the case may be
towards the educational needs of the child.
Following
this one can identify some areas in which social economic status (SES) plays a
significant role on the academic performance of students. They could be summed
up as basic needs and experience, parental environment, attitudes and values. Each
of this will be discussed in the subsequent paragraphs
One of the
basic needs of the child is to be catered for by the parent, besides bringing
the children into the world. It is the responsibility of the parent to provide
them with the following-shelter, clothing and safety as well as food and other
educational requirements. Mc Lloyd (1998) revealed that economic problems can
lead to family and marital conflicts which results in unstable home. Take for
instance a child who goes to school on an empty stomach may not likely be
attentive in school or a child who cannot do his assignment for lack of
textbooks, or who lives in a congested environment, may likely not get the
right stimulation or reinforcement to excel academically. Hence social economic
status (SES) influences children background experience. Trawik- Smith (1997) as
well as McLoyd (1998) in their findings
posits that when children are provided with educational activities outside the
school, which helps to complement the efforts of the teachers, only then will
the student perform optimally in their academics. This experience ranges from
visits to Museums, Art galleries, concerts and travels to historical places and
learning materials like computer system, encyclopedias, magazines, news bulletins,
and Atlas e.t.c.
Parental
involvement is another area in which social economic status plays a role in
academic performance of students. This could be considered from the perspective
of parent-child interaction. Oko (1999) says that the way a child is groomed
contributes to his development and formation of achievement motives in life
itself. Desforges and Aboucher (2003) in their findings also revealed that
parental involvement takes many forms amongst which are good parenting in the
home as well as stable environment and secured home.
Lastly, the
spouse behaviour and values poses a problem to the children especially if the
paternal figure is a Laissez- faire kind of person (Abari and Mohammed 2006).
The parent tends to play a passive role towards the academic performance of
their wards. There is virtually no guidance and direction of any sort. If
either of the parent’s academic status is below average it may likely affect
the child in that the children may not be motivated or stimulated to learn.
Such parents might be indifferent towards the academic achievement of their
children.
According to
UNICEF’s report (2001), Many Nigerian parents often send their children on the
street to hawk because of their economic and educational background. Some
Nigerian parents according to Okeke (1996) as cited in UNICEF report (2001) also affirmed that attitudes and
values of the society and parents tends towards misplaced priorities and
values. Perhaps this explains why some parents are now interested in wealth acquisition
rather than giving the right legacy to the child, which is education.
1.2STAEMENT
OF THE PROBLEM
Available
researches according to Obemeta (1995) reveals that there has been a downward
trend of academic achievement of pupils in secondary schools, especially in
West African School Certificate Examination. A cursory look at the records of
result reveals that less than 50%
credit pass was achieved in English and mathematics as well as other subject in
the last few years.
Moreso, the
attitude of parents as it involves the academic performance of their children
is said to be dwindling, owing to the nature of work and personality of parent.
Thus, it is pertinent to research into the behavioural attitude of spouse as it
affects the academic achievement of their children. This is imperative in order
to bring about a probable solution to boost the academic achievement of pupils
as well as enhance good relationship between parents and children.
1.3.RESEARCH
QUESTION
1. What is the attitude of parent towards
student’s academic activities?
2. What is the role of either spouse towards
the learning activities of their children?
3. What is the effect of the economic status
of spouse on learning activities of students?
1.4.RESEARCH
HYPOTHESIS
H1. There will be no significant effect of
parental behaviour on
the academic
performance of student.
H2. There will be no significant effect on
maternal behaviour on
the academic
achievement of students.
H3. There will be no significant effect of
economic status of
parent on
learning activities of their children.
1.5.SCOPE OF
THE STUDY
This
research work will be focused on spouse reactions, contributions, commitment
towards the academic achievement of their children as well as the perception of
students in some selected secondary
schools in Alimosho Local Government Area of Lagos State.
1.6SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
The findings
of this research work will be useful to parent, students, teachers and the
society at large.
The outcome
would further sensitize and educate the parents on the need to stir a better
relationship with their children.
Moreso, the research work will serve as a stimulant for further research
in the area of parental orientation and guidance as it relates to their
children’s academic performance.
It would
also be useful for international journal and publication.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Laissez –
faire: In this study, it means care free, in difference attitude of parent.
Stimulation:
In this study, it means making something develop or become more active.
Delinquents: In this study, it implies bad or criminal
behaviour, usually of young people.
Workaholism:
In this study, it means a person who works very hard and finds it difficult to
do other things.
Maternal: In
this study, it implies having feeling that are typical of a caring mother
towards a child.
Paternal: In this study, it is connected with being a
father, a kind father.
Spouse: in
this study, it implies a husband or wife.
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