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KIDNAPPING IN NIGERIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR NATIONAL SECURITY
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Title
page - - - - - - - - - - i
Declaration - - - - - - - - - ii
Approval
Page - - - - - - - - - - iii
Dedication - - - - - - - - - - iv
Acknowledgement- - - - - - - - - v
Table of Contents - - - - - - - - - vi
List
of Tables - - - - - - - - - x
List of Figures- - - - - - - - - - xi
List of Abbreviation - - - - - - - - xii
Abstract - - - - - - - - - - xiii
CHAPTER
ONE:
1.0 General Introduction- - - - - - - - 1
1.1 Background to the Study - - - - - - - 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem- - - - - - - 6
1.3 Objectives of the Study- - - - - - - 7
1.4 Research Assumption - - - - - - - 8
1.5 Significance of the Study - - - - - - 8
1.6 Theoretical Framework - - - - - - 9
1.7 Scope of the Study - - - - - - - 13
1.8 Limitations of the Study- - - - - - - 14
1.9 Research Methodology- - - - - - - 15
References - - - - - - - - - 16
CHAPTER
TWO
2.0 Literature
Review- - - - - - - - 18
2.1 Introduction
- - - - - - - - 18
2.2 Concept
of Kidnapping- - - - - - - 19
2.3 Kidnapping
in Nigeria - - - - - - - 24
2.4 The
Concept of National Security - - - - - 26
2.5 Kidnapping
and National Security - - - - - 30
2.6 Summary - - - - - - - - - 33
References - - - - - - - - - 35
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 Research Methodology - - - - - - - 38
3.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - 38
3.2 Research Design- - - - - - - - 38
3.3 Area of Study- - - - - - - - - 39
3.4 Research Population- - - - - - - - 40
3.5 Sampling and Sampling Technique- - - - - 40
3.6 Instrument of Data Collection - - - - - 41
3.7 Validation of the Instruments- - - - - - 41
3.8 Method of Data Collection - - - - - - 42
3.9 Method of Data Analysis - - - - - - 42
3.10 Weakness of the Study- - - - - - - 42
3.11 Summary- - - - - - - - - - 43
References - - - - - - - - 44
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.0 Data Presentation Analysis and Findings of the
Study - 45
4.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - 45
4.2 Respondents Profile - - - - - - - 46
4.3 Analysis of Data - - - - - - - - 49
4.4 Kidnapping in Nigeria - - - - - - - 50
4.5 Causes of Kidnapping in Nigeria - - - - - 54
4.6 Economic
Factors as A Cause of Kidnapping In Nigeria - 55
4.7 Implication of Kidnapping on National
Security - - - 61
4.8 Summary of Findings - - - - - - - 66
References - - - - - - - - 69
CHAPTER
FIVE
5.0 Summary Conclusion and Recommendations- - - - 71
5.1 Conclusion- - - - - - - - - 71
5.2 Recommendations- - - - - - - -
73
Bibliography - - - - - - - - 74
Appendix - - - - - - - - - 79
Appendix II - - - - - - - - - 81
Appendix III - - - - - - - - 82
Bio Data - - - - - - - - - 85
LIST OF TABLE
|
Serial |
Title
of Table |
Page
No |
|
(a) |
(b) |
(c) |
|
1. |
Distribution
of respondents by location (states) |
47 |
|
2. |
Profession
of respondents |
48 |
|
3. |
Opinion
of respondents to the question whether Nigeria could be considered a
kidnapping nation |
50 |
|
4. |
Opinion
of respondents to economic factor as a
cause of kidnapping in Nigeria |
55 |
|
5. |
Opinion
of respondents to political instability as a cause of kidnapping in Nigeria |
58 |
|
6. |
Answer
of respondents on kidnapping as an adverse effect on national security |
61 |
LIST OF FIGURES
|
Serial |
Title
of Table |
Page
No |
|
(a) |
(b) |
(c) |
|
1. |
Pie
Chart Showing Percentage of Questionnaires Returned |
46 |
|
2. |
Pie
Chart Showing distribution of respondents by profession |
48 |
|
3. |
Bar
Chart Showing percentage of respondent on whether Nigeria |
51 |
|
4. |
Bar
Chart Showing percentage of respondent on economic factor as a cause of kidnapping in Nigeria |
55 |
|
5. |
Bar
Chart Showing percentage of respondent to political instability as a cause of
kidnapping in Nigeria |
58 |
|
6. |
Bar
Chart Showing percentage of respondent on kidnapping as an adverse effect on
national security |
62 |
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
NGOs - Non-Government Organisations
US - United States.
UK - United Kingdom
UN - United-Nations
MDG - Millennium Development of Nigeria
FGN - Federal Government of Nigeria
MEND - Movement for the Emancipation of Niger
Delta
ABSTRACT
The
study was set out with four objective: to determine the relationship between
kidnapping and national security, to examine the various factors responsible
for kidnapping in Nigeria, to determine the implication of kidnapping on
national security, examine the challenges of curbing kidnapping in Nigeria and
proffer ways of curbing the spread of the menace of kidnapping in Nigeria. The
methodology used included the questionnaire as well as descriptive analysis of
data presented. The study revealed that kidnapping has not only become a
criminal phenomenon or an academic issue of discuss but also a major threat to
national security. Kidnapping has been related in some countries to the crime
of terrorism which shares a major threat to national security. Kidnapping in
Nigeria, however considered new to the security or crime challenges to Nigeria,
has taken a rather dramatic and worrisome position. This has been due to the
dimension it took in its widespread in almost all the region of Nigeria. The
causes of kidnapping in Nigeria have been grouped under economic and political
factors. Economic in the sense of the low per capital income, poverty,
unemployment to mention a few has been a major factor that has propelled the
adoption kidnapping especially by youths. The political factors have been
related to the political struggle for self for attainment and development of
the Niger Delta region, as well as its adoption by political miscreants.
In To this end, there is the need to put
in place some measures in order to achieve the essence of national security as
well as well human development some of those measure as recommended in this
study include the adoption of developmental project for the youth of the
society including the full implication of MDG project. Another measure to this
the creating of an enabling factor for self employment of the youths of the
country as well equipping in capacity and sophistication security personnel in
to combat the kidnapping menace head on
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
All over the world societies have had to deal with criminality in
various forms. Some of these forms of criminality have proved a great challenge
to the society and stretched the debate on what crime is. The concept of crime
has a long history in the civilization of man. Some religious communities see
crime in the perspective of sin (Wikipedia Encyclopedia 2010). Some highlighted the issue of crime as sin in
a mythological or legendary account of the origin of man. One of such is the
Quran and Biblical records of the fall of man which tells the story of Adam and
Eve’s eating the forbidden fruit in the Garden of Eden (King James Bible). There
are disparities on the concept of crime with regards to people and places
(Hulsman, 2000: 2). Nevertheless, when
it bears its effect upon individuals and national security, it often becomes an
issue of national concern. Some of these crimes have evolved through societal
and legal processes giving some form of societal idiosyncrasies to some
criminal acts.
One of such criminal act is
kidnapping. Defining kidnapping poses a number of definitional problems in
relations to a country’s legal and moral viewpoints as well as the availability
of variances such as hostage taking and hijacking. However, in the context of
this paper, Kidnapping in criminal law is an offence involving taking and
conveying away a person against his or her will, either by force, fraud or
intimidation (Wikipedia Encyclopesia, 2010). The issue of kidnapping however
gained its early prominence in England when kids were abducted
(EtymologyOnline, “Kidnap”). The word kidnapping thereby culminated from the
phrase “kid nabbing” and was first recorded in the year 1673 (EtymologyOnline,
“Kidnap”). Over the years, it has taken different forms with regard to the
reason for carrying out such action by perpetrators.
Kidnapping is a global phenomenon
which has been of great challenge to every government of affected countries.
Some areas of concern to most government and Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGOs) are the relationship of kidnapping to the issue of human trafficking and
prostitution (SAARC Convention on
Preventing and Combating Trafficking of Women and Chilren for Prostitution).
In recent times, the crime of kidnapping
has been linked to political intents where victims are kidnapped to push
forward a political statement (Cambodian
Law of Kidnapping and Trafficking). It
has also been related to the issue of terrorism which has threatened global
security (Osaghae, 2007: 19-22). Another reason for kidnapping which has
recently gained prominence in Nigeria is kidnapping for ransom. Each and every
one of these reasons has in one way or the other threatened the national
security of countries where such crime is perpetrated. Its resultant effects
have been the proliferation of arms and the parting of large sums of money to
kidnappers from victims. This has therefore been a major threat to national
security of any nation.
As a matter of importance to the
survival of any nation, the issue of national security becomes paramount in the
policies of government. This is as a result of the fact that the survival of
the political, economic, social and diplomatic sovereignty of any nation
depends highly on the national security of that nation (Yun, Hostage Taking and Kidnapping in Terrorism).
The concept of national security is wide with different definitions; as there
is no universally accepted definition of national security. Chief Olusegun Obasanjo defined National Security as
“the aggregation of the security interests of all individuals, communities,
ethnic groups, political entities and institutions which inhabits the territory
of our great country Nigeria” (A Priority
for U.S National Security and African Development).
A more comprehensive and all-emcompassing
world-view definition of national security was made by President Barack Obama
in the context of the US which can also be adopted by other nations. He defined
national security as the security of the US, its citizens, partners and allies,
a strong innovative and growing economy and an open international economic
system that promotes opportunity and prosperity. He added that national
security also encompass the respect for universal values at home and around the
world and an international order that promotes peace, security, and opportunity
through stronger cooperation to meet global challenges (International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General
Assembly Resolution, 1976 ). The crime of kidnapping however threatens the very
elements of this definition which is encompassed in national development which
should therefore be of serious national concern.
In Nigeria, the crime of kidnapping
gained prominence lately with the political strives of militants of the Niger
Delta region of the South-South Nigeria (Barack, 2010). The kidnapping of
expatriates in Nigeria threatens the very economic base of the nation which is
oil exploration. To further push forward their political statement, the
militants stepped up their criminal acts by kidnapping Nigerians of high
political status or political figures. This eventually led to the Federal Government
of Nigeria (FGN) taking decisive steps in checking the activities of militants
which eventually resulted in the amnesty programme of the Late President Umar
Yar Adua (Akpan, 2010). Unfortunately, the business of kidnapping spread to
other areas of the country especially in the Eastern part of Nigeria and metamorphosed
into a business mostly perpetrated by youths to make money.
Presently, the rate of kidnapping in
Nigeria, in spite of the effort of police and other security agencies has been
quite worrisome and poses a great challenge to the national security of the
country. It has stalled business activities in some areas as well created fear
in the minds of Nigerians. On the other
hand, the perpetrators, who are mostly youths, are lost to such criminal
activities instead of being gainfully employed as productive citizens for
Nigeria’s development. The kidnapping of some journalists around Abia state was
regarded as the height of the insensitivity of kidnappers (Egwemi, 2010). This has prompted the government of Nigeria
to initiate strategies to check kidnapping in the country. The various states
in Nigeria are initiating steps at establishing stringent laws to dissuade
would-be kidnappers (Nigeria’s Latest
Booming Business, AFP). There is
however the need for government to initiate more strategies to curb the menace
of kidnapping which threatens the national security of Nigeria.
1.2 Statement
of the Problem
Kidnapping took a rather
dramatic dimension in Nigeria recently with its spread to other areas of the
country from the Niger Delta region. This has therefore posed a serious
challenge to Nigeria’s national security. Its impact on the nation has been
quite enormous as it affects the socio-economic cum political lives of average
Nigerians. This study in the quest of
finding solution to the menace of kidnapping in Nigeria, seeks to answer the
following question.
1.3 Research
Questions
(1) What
is the relationship between kidnapping and national security?
(2) What
are the factors that are responsible for the increase of kidnapping in Nigeria?
(3) What
are the effects of Kidnapping on Nigeria’s national security?
(4) What
are the challenges faced in dealing with the problem of kidnapping in Nigeria?
(5) What
are the roles of government in curbing the menace of kidnapping?
1.4 Objectives
of the Study
The specific objectives of this study
therefore are:
(1) To
determine the relationship between kidnapping and national security.
(2) To
examine the various factors responsible for kidnapping in Nigeria.
(3) To
determine the implications of kidnapping to Nigeria’s national security.
(4) To highlight the challenges
in eradicating the problem of kidnapping.
(5) To
propose in Nigeria measures that could be adopted to effectively check the
growth of kidnapping in Nigeria.
1.5 Research
Assumption
At the inception of
democracy in Nigeria kidnapping cases were perpetuated by militants of the
Niger Delta who were fighting for a common course of resource control. The
capabilities of the militants to carry out attack especially in engagement with
the military shows the level of security deterioration in the Niger Delta
region. Likewise, the kidnapping of
people which has bedevilled the society recently is also perpetuated by youths
of the society.
This study therefore
seeks to establish that if opportunities of good education, employment and an
environment for self sustenance are provided for these youths, the problem of
kidnapping will be easily curbed. It also seeks to establish that a proper training
and equipping of the security agencies will go a long way in reducing crimes especially
kidnapping incidences.
1.5 Significance
of the Study
The issue of kidnapping
could be relatively new to Nigeria compared to other countries. This therefore
poses a great challenge to the government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria in
its combating of crime and maintaining national security. This paper therefore
will be beneficial to the government of Nigeria in putting in place machineries
to fight against this menace. It will also be beneficial to security agencies
who are directly or indirectly involved in curbing the problem of kidnapping in
the country.
This study will also add
to the existing literature and body of knowledge on the topical issue of
kidnapping as it relates to the issue of national security especially in
Nigeria. It will also be a reference material for subsequent research work.
1.6 Theoretical
Frame Work
What this research will achieve in the theoretical
concept of the iron law of responsibility. This law states that in a long run,
those who do not use power in ways that society considers responsible will tend
to lose it.
The implication of this theoretical constant is that
those multinationals organization that are blind towards the provision of
infrastructure and social amenities to the host communities will eventually
have opposition at a long run.
A typical example is the agitation of the Niger –
Delta situation which has affected the production of crude oil by multinational
companies operating the region, which SHELL is a Victim.
There are so many social threats in the region like
kidnapping, pipe lines destruction, militant killing among others.
The Niger Delta Situation
Education is not the cause of unemployment per se
but the skill required in the relevant areas. The reason for this is that
individuals in the past make the opinions and attitudes to the world of work
and the vocation they intend to take up in the future. This dictates the
discipline they intend to pursue to be skilled. The right of choice of
vocations by individuals is now violated by parents most especially by mothers
without measuring the ability of their choice with capability of those for whom
they decide for. Individuals come out and get dissatisfied with the jobs
available because they do not have the skills in the relevant areas; hence
there is lack of job satisfaction.
Oladiti (1990) describes job satisfaction as the
extent to which a person is satisfied by the content and the environment of
work. Job dissatisfaction is the extent to which a person is displeased or
frustrated by inadequate working conditions and tedious job content. What
exists in the Niger Delta is job dissatisfaction because the youths want to
work in the areas for which they have no skill. There is therefore lack of
basic skill for employment and the youths are not ready to take challenging
jobs.
In the area, three classes can be identified, the
political elite who use their affluent life style to cause terrorism and
kidnapping. There are those in absolute poverty who are unemployed and have no
income or resource to maintain minimum healthy living. There are also those in
primary poverty whose minimum income or resources in enough for physical
maintenance or health. These last two groups of classes see the affluence of
the political class who may not be better than them educationally but use state
resource to their satisfaction.
At the context of national development, the
core-periphery model can be applied to the region. The golden egg which makes
the area a core is the oil exploration and exploitation. The oil and gas found
in the region are propulsive forms capable of generating large scale
employment. The hinterland of the Niger Delta or the rest of Nigeria is the
periphery to the core. The model refers to the spatial division of Nigeria into
an economic relationship. The core is oil-gas rich area of Nigeria and the
periphery are the areas articulated to the need of the core area.
No special criteria have been used to define poverty
nor is there data to buttress the level of poverty. However, the paper adopts
the inadequate supply of money, inadequate educational opportunities and
inequality as measures of poverty. Equally budget standards can be applied to
the definition. The adoption of budget standards presumes that the adoption of
N 10,000.00 minimum national monthly wage would be applicable. The use of these
budget standards assumes that those who are employed would earn this amount.
For those unemployed this minimum wage is a mirage and makes the absolute
poverty applicable.
The inability of indigenes to be appointed is
because of lack of relevant skills due to inadequate educational opportunities.
For example if vacancy exists for a petroleum engineer and an electrical
engineer surfaces, he stands unappointable because his skills is not in the
relevant area. Similarly youths may be unwilling to take up jobs whose income
cannot commensurate with the political class. Most people now look for easy
means of making money, just as they perceive of the political class.
Acts of terrorism, insurrections and kidnapping have
become synonymous with the Niger Delta youths because of connivance with some
political groups which they see as alternative to means of livelihood and a
route out of the poverty syndrome. By August 2007 relatives of politicians had
fallen victims of kidnapping. For example the mother of Celestine Omehia, River
State Governor was kidnapped. Madam Hansel a.k.a. Mama Yenogoa, mother of
Speaker, Bayelsa State was kidnapped and a N50million ransom was demanded,
Margaret Hill was also kidnapped (Odume, 2007). Mr. Odili’s nephew to former
Governor of River State, Peter Odili was kidnapped and a ransom of N50 million
demanded (Guardian, 2008) etc. recently, N 4 million was demanded for a
kidnapped victim but was later found dead a day after N 2 million was paid for
his release. A relative of a member of River State House of Assembly was
kidnapped in River State and a ransom of N 440 million demanded was not fully
met, it was partially met but not publicized. To the youths involved in this
act of terrorism, it is a profitable “employment”.
1.7 Scope
of the Study
This study covered the
period between 2005 and 2010. This is the period when there was a significant
increase in kidnapping cases in Nigeria. This period witnessed the increase of
the active militant struggle in the Niger Delta region of South-South Nigeria.
The period also covers the recent spate of kidnapping in several parts of which
included the kidnapping of journalists and some children in Abia state amongst
other states. Some Kidnapping cases in Nigeria from 2005-2010 is at Appendix I.
This study will therefore be restricted
to reference materials on the issue of kidnapping as it relates to the concept
of national security from 1999 to 2010. Referrals on the issue of national
security will also be based upon materials within this period.
1.8 Limitations
of the Study
This study is impaired by the challenge of few materials available for
reference on the topic of kidnapping in Nigeria. This has only been a new topic
of discuss in the academic setting. Some information which would have been
relevant for this research work was not disclosed by security agents who were
interviewed.
1.9 Research Methodology
The data for the study were derived from
both primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected through the use
of questionnaires and oral interview with people considered relevant to the
subject matter. Secondary data on the other hand were collected from
newspapers, journals, other unpublished materials and the internet.
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