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ARMED FORCES
IN PEACE SUPPORT OPERATIONS: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS FOR NIGERIAN ARMY
PERSONNEL
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
The
challenges to establish and maintain law, order, peace and security have
preoccupied humanity since political communities emerged on the surface of
earth. (Stedman, 1991). These have been occasioned by the manifestation of
conflict as part of the feature of human relations. (Stedman, 1991).
The need for
peace and security has been addressed with the creation of the state as a
political community. The state has carried out this task through government and
its institutions to keep in check the prosperity of man to express whatever
disagreement there is through violence. This is done for the most part, through
the restraining power of the law and sometimes through the use of force
(Stedman, 1991).
At the level
of relations among state where the same need for peace and security which has
challenged them internally is found, the approach has been different State have
had to employ common mechanism to deal with the problem of conflict. A most
enduring framework is that of collective security which is expressed through
Peace Supports Operation (PSO), (United Nations, 50 years of United Nations:
Notes for Speakers (New York United Nations, 1995).
Dramatic
events of the 1990s and the subsequent collapse of the Warsaw Pact heralded
profound changes in the international security arena. With the collapse of
Soviet Union, many nations’ armed forces have had to shift their institutional
emphasis from fighting to maintaining stability and to prevent fighting. With
it also comes the need for leaders and soldiers to participate extensively in
operation designed to deter wars, resolve conflicts, promote peace and support
civil authorities in respond to crisis (Azazi, 2009). Nigeria as a member of United Nations (UN)
has been one of the leading countries that participated in PSOs in the world at
large and Africa continent in particular. This is in attainment of one of her
foreign policy objectives (United Nations, 1995).
The Nigerian
Army (NA) has participated in UN peacekeeping missions where it was the third
largest troop contributor after Bangladesh and India. Due to its adherence to
and contributions for UN peace mission, Nigeria was voted into the UN security
council (www.challengeforum.vet).
The election
of Nigeria to African Union Peace and Security Council and her being made its
first chairman in 2004, is a confirmation of her accomplishments and leadership
roles. This is a confirmation of her achievement due to her involvement in all
conflict resolution processes since the days of Organisations of African Union
(OAU) (Akinrinade 2004).
NA personnel
have operated with distinction in Africa within the framework of ECOWAS
Monitoring Group (ECOMOG), a fact that is well known and accepted not only in
the sub-region but in Africa and the world at large (Vogt, 1993). The Ivorian
experience contrasts with those of Liberia and Sierra-Leone where Nigerian
troops led peace operations which were very effective in restoring security and
stability to the 2 countries.
Despite the
above brilliant contributions of the NA to PSOs and its acknowledgement by the
international community, its participation has been faced with a lot of
problems especially in the area of manpower, training, and logistic. For its
contributions to PSOs to be more effective, these problems need to be
addressed.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
It is an
established fact that Nigerian Armed forces has been in the fore front of
preventing and resolving conflicts. This
is done through PSOs globally, regionally and sub-regional since Nigeria’s
independence in 1960.
Experience from ECOMOG operations in
Liberia and Sierra –Leone as
well as the United Nation Assistance Mission
in Darfur (UNAMID) and reports of other operations like United Nations
Operations in Congo (ONUC) and United
Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), it is evident that the problems of
manpower, training and logistics are the major bane confronting NA personnel in
PSOs.
Based on the
foregoing, this study shall seek to proffer answers to the following:
a. What is the relationship between PSO and
the NA?
b. What are the challenges encountered by
the NA personnel in PSOs?
c. What are the prospects of NA personnel in
PSOs?
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main
objective of this study is to assess the problems and prospects of the NA
personnel in PSOs by seeking to:
a. Examine the relationship between PSO and
the NA.
b. Ascertain the challenges of NA personnel
in PSOs.
c. Examine the prospects of NA personnel in
PSOs.
1.4 RESEARCH ASSUMPTION
There has
been a conventional notion that Nigeria’s participation in PSOs has given her
political and economic hegemony in West Africa sub-region and Africa at large.
Despite
logistics and manpower problems faced by the NA personnel in PSOs, it has been
able to restore, stabilize and maintain peace globally, regionally and
sub-regional through her involvement in PSOs.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study
will attempt to come up with a comprehensive analysis of NA in PSOs. It would
help to further contribute to the existing knowledge on NA in PSOs. Its
findings would assist policy makers at the defence and services headquarters,
security organisations such as Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA) and State
Security Service (SSS) in building their intelligence database. It will assist
the National Assembly in the formulation of national security policy.
The study
will serve as a veritable material for students and researchers who may want to
carry out further research on the challenges and prospects of NA personnel in
PSOs.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The
participation of the NA in PSOs in Africa has helped to ensure peace among
nations within the continent. This research work shall reflect other scholarly
work on the prospects and challenges of NA personnel in PSOs. It shall take into cognisance the role of NA
personnel in PSOs from 1990 to date as it relates to the security of Africa.
This work shall use primary and secondary sources of materials.
1.7
LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This
research work will be hindered by some limitations. The key ones will be the
use of secondary data to analyse the concept of PSO. Although the data to be
used will be derived from reputable individuals and organisations, the
authenticity of their findings might not be insulated from bias.
The concept
of PSO is intangible. Hence, the empirical testing of the concepts may be
relatively impossible. However this shall not affect the quality of research
carried out and the outcomes of the findings.
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