ICT TRAINING IN NIGERIAN ARMY: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS FOR OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY AND EFFECTIVENESS
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ICT TRAINING
IN NIGERIAN ARMY: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS FOR OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY AND
EFFECTIVENESS
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
The armed forces of nations are
required to protect the territorial integrity, contribute to internal security
and uphold the constitution. The performance of these tasks warrants their
being dispersed and commanders need to pass instructions to subordinates in
order to direct the course of war, administer and for coordination with other
Services. The means of passing these instructions had been a subject of concern
to commanders and their subordinates.
Before the
Industrial Age, instructions were passed on the battlefield through runners but
visual signals endangered the lives of signalers and were inefficient for long
distance messages (EJASL Vol 8, 2005:9).The industrial age brought a little
relief as radios and telephones were used for communication between the rear
and frontline troops. However, the radios were too bulky for mobile operation
during World War 1 (WWI) (Makane,
2000:28-30).
These
cumbersome communication arrangements generated additional friction apart from
the fog of war. These problems consigned commanders to the delays and
uncertainties of war (Makane, 2000:14). Furthermore, commanders could not be
sure of security of the messages (Boltz, 2007:84) Thus, command and control as
a major problem during WWI because the technology available at that time could
not offer the opportunity of frequent and immediate communication (Boltz,
2007:89).
The state of
communication and information management prevalent during WWI was improved upon
during WWII. The aeroplane became a platform for ground-to-air and
air-to-ground communication using on board wireless radios. Apart from
revolutionizing the war logistically, it relieved commanders of depending on
bulky communication equipment (Thomas, 2008). After WWII, advanced countries
such as the United States (US) continued to research in communication.
The US
Department of Defence (DOD), thus created the Advances Research Project Agency
Net (ARPANET) as an alternative means of communication in case of nuclear
attack by the then Soviet Union in 1969 (UN,2005). The Internet was later
discovered by Leonard Kleinrock, which provided e-mail and web facilities used
for military and non-military purposes (Ajayi,2009). This gave impetus to
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) which has now become a worldwide
phenomenon. During the Gulf wars, the US and its allies displayed improved
communication capabilities. For instance, their tanks used in the ground
offensive were fitted with ground terminal equipment, such as cyclone antennae
to establish a link with orbiting satellites. These satellite connections
allowed the commanders in the tanks to share audio, voice and data with command
centres practically anywhere in the world (MacGroddy etal, 1999).
There had
been continuous and rapid technology advancements such as miniaturization thus
making the production of smaller weapons and equipment possible (Richard,
2010). As many armed forces in Africa are struggling to acquire ICT
infrastructure in the face of dwindling defence budgets, ICT assets are
becoming obsolete within a short time due to technological advancement.
Furthermore, the advanced countries have moved to the realm of stealth and
precision weaponry as displayed in the Kosovo and Gulf Wars, an act that is
creating a digital divide between the developed and developing countries (Eyo,
2001).
The use of
ICT infrastructure is gradually being introduced into the Nigerian Army (NA).
This is exposing NA personnel to a gamut of information and commanders could
have access to field and long distance communications. This has bestowed some
advantage on its communications such as battlefield transparency, intelligence
gathering, propaganda, use of sensor, ICT-enabled weapon system and in Peace
Support Operation (PSO). However, these advantages have their setbacks in the
form of insecurity. The use of codes and firewalls by the NA may be inadequate
and could open its information to hackers and other mischievous element in the
virtual community. The consequences of the risks created manifest themselves in
the possible failure of systems and assets whose incapacity or destruction
would have a serious impact on national security.
During the
Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) operation
in Liberia and Sierra Leone, NA personnel had the problems of communication
insecurity, poor interoperability and was plagued by obsolete equipment (Dike,
2003). War fighting equipment such as mobile radar and simulators demand the
knowledge of ICT for effective and efficient operations. It is therefore
imperative that the problem and prospects of ICT in the NA be examined and
probable solutions proffered in order to have adequate, efficient and effective
communication support. These are the motivation for the study.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Nigeria is
still grappling with the fast rate of development of ICT, but the national
policy on ICT had been put in place to steer its development. Despite the fact
that the NA rely on communication for its routine, logistic, administrative,
and operational activities, the ICT infrastructure and Knowledge through which
it can be achieve is inadequate.13 According to Adewoye, “no military can
develop except it develop its technology”.
Based on the
foregoing, this study shall seek to proffer answers to the following:
1. What is the relationship between ICT and
the conduct of military operations?
2. What are the level of ICT training and
its application in the NA?
3. What are the challenges and prospect of
ICT training affecting the operational effectiveness and efficiency in NA?
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objectives of this study are:
To examine
the relationship between ICT training and the conduct of military operations.
Ascertain
the level of ICT training and it applications in the NA.
Examine the
challenges and prospect of ICT training as it affects the operational
effectiveness and efficiency of the NA.
1.4 RESEARCH ASSUMPTION
There is a
general consensus that there is a relationship between ICT training in the NA
and the efficiency and effectiveness of her operations. ICT training in the NA
is the independent variable that determines the operational efficiency while
effectiveness of the NA operations is the dependent variable.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study
is significant due to the fact that it would contribute to the advancement of
knowledge on ICT training in the NA. Also it is being carried out at a period
of unprecedented global technological explosion, and the NA appears to be
lacking. Consequently, it would seek to
redress the apparent technological stalemate, with particular reference to
military operations in the NA.
The outcome
of the study would be of assistance to scholars, researchers and students who
wish to explore more in this field of study. It could thus be a useful guide to
policy makers and planners at the Nigerian Army Headquarters (NAHQs) in establishing
an integrated ICT system among all its divisions across the country. It will also assist in making realistic
projections for future applications of ICT and serve as reference material for
a wide range of users especially defence information managers.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study
shall cover the application of ICT training to military operations in the NA
from the period of 1990 to 2010. The
period marked the development of military technological developments such as
the internet, satellites and their global accessibility. The Gulf Wars marked a defining moment in the
history of military operations as the wars were truly digital war. In Nigeria,
there has being a concerted effort by the army to procure ICT systems, though
the process remains inconclusive. The
army has however trained some officers in space technology to enhance its
application and use of ICT.
1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The use of
data generated from a relatively small number of personnel of the NA to
generalize for the whole NA constituted a limitation. This is coupled with the
fact that ICT is relatively new to some members of the NA. However,
questionnaire were shared to reflect a fair representation of the NA personnel
hence it will not adversely affect the result of this study.
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