SCHOOL FACTORS AND PARENTAL FACTORS AS DETERMINANT OF SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING
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SCHOOL
FACTORS AND PARENTAL FACTORS AS DETERMINANT OF SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the study
Determining
students’ performance has received substantial attention from the academics,
especially in recent years. They have tried to determine which independent
variable affect student performance in a positive or negative way and to what
extent. This subject has been researched by various scholars in various
countries and in various fields of study.
Determining the factors that affect the student performance is very
important for students, parents, scholars, university administration or
ministry of education, quality assurance agencies, accreditation bodies’, and
other stakeholders.
The growing recognition of accountancy as a
profession and increase in number of students in business/commercial stream at
schools increased the enrolments in accounting courses at universities across
the globe which creates more pressure to the universities and scholars to
produce good performing students, to cater for the needs of the industry. This
pressure stems from the fact that these universities should take full
advantage, in order to distinguish themselves from other universities.
Financial Accounting is a specialized area of
instruction that deals directly with business skills and techniques, business
knowledge and facts, others include business understanding, economic
understanding, business attitudes and appreciation necessary to understand and
adjust to the economic and social institution called ―business. Financial
Accounting is a business subject offered by students in Nigeria secondary
schools. Financial Accounting is a
process involving gathering, sorting, recording, classifying, verifying,
measuring and summarizing financial transactions and subsequently interpreting
and communicating information to the owners and users of accounting information
for decision making, Guney, (2009).
This is expected to reduce the mere paper work
system associated with the former system of education and which led to the mass
unemployment. This new policy on education emphasizes vocational and was formulated
by any Nigerians to direct the nation towards technological and economic
development and cultural renewal. The subject areas recommended for study and
compulsory for every child in the post primary school system include science,
vocational and social studies. Under the vocational area is accounting subject.
Accounting is an indispensable field of study in education. It is a subject
that is very essential for business. It helps both profit and non-profit making
organizations. This is because it helps these organizations to make policies
which helps for expansion. It also access the efficiency of management to make
decisions relating to further investment. It aids proprietors in accessing the
efficiency of management and provide information which assists parties outside
organization to make objective judgment about the organization. In the
secondary schools, the objective of teaching this important subject is to
provide students with the basic method of processing data to develop
manipulative skills and provide knowledge for career advancement in accounting
to develop an economic understanding of business vocabulary to help students
develop and understanding of basic accounting concept and principles, in
summary to be self reliant. Unfortunately students nowadays perform poorly in
this important subject, the poor performance of students in the subject has
become a matter of concern to many people especially to business educators that
a question arises, “what are the causes of student’s poor performance in this
subject? Is it due to the ineffectiveness of the accounting teachers who teach
the subject, students’ lack of interest, or inadequate teaching aids? How then
can the poor performance be improved? To find solutions to the above questions
is the objective of this research
Determinants of student performance have
attracted the attention of academic researchers from many areas. They have
tried to determine which variables impact student performance in a positive and
negative direction especially in Financial Accounting. Research studies about
this subject have been conducted by various scholars in various countries and
areas (Mutchler, Turner, and Williams, 2007; Cheung and Kan, 2012; Kruck and
Lending, 2013; Borde, 2008).
Determining the factors that affect the
student performance is important. Because, primarily secondary school students
and teachers have to find out ways to increase student performance, and to
motivate students for better performance, in order to do this, first they need
to determine which factors play significant role in student performance.
For example, if attendance increases student
performance, lecturers can do something to increase students’ attendance rate
such as integrating attendance rate into grading policy. Secondly, graduating
from different high schools may also play a significant role in performance.
For example, graduates of commercial high schools who have prior knowledge of
accounting may perform better than graduates of ordinary high schools. In that
case, graduates of other high schools can be supported by extracurricular
course activities to catch up with graduates of vocational high schools.
Furthermore, students’ performance in secondary schools are also a concern of
corporations which are often said to be the “end user” in the supply chain of
graduates for the labor market (Alfan and Othman, 2005).
The provision of quality education and
subsequent high performance in school is inevitable for the realization of
millennium development goals and the vision 2030. The value of performance was
envisaged to lead to white collar jobs immediately after independence. This is
the time when the contribution of education to individual development was
increasingly recognized, especially in trained man power. Hence, priority was
accorded to the higher academic performance, economic growth and development.
It is worth noting that, over the years, many commissions and committees have
been formed to review the education.
The government reviewed the curriculum in
terms of content, teaching methods, education strategies and
administrative structures in order to
enhance schools performance in National Examination Council (NECO), Marklong,
(2011). The government funding in secondary schools is also intended to improve
infrastructure, teaching and learning and subsequently performance in national
examinations. However, despite interventions by the government, international
organizations and community, students’ performance at West African Examination
Council (WAEC) still remains a problem. A lot of concern to teachers, parents,
community, stakeholders, educationist and politicians which has led to the
critical question and what are the school
factors influencing students’ performance at various examinations; It is
against this background that confirms the need for students’ performance in
society especially at secondary school level.
It pertinent to examine the school and
parental factors such as; physical facilities, teaching and learning resources,
school administration, teachers’ attitudes students’ attitudes and parental
socio-economic and educational background influence students’ academic
performance in Financial Accounting. Therefore, this study aims to investigate
school factors and parental factors as determinant of senior secondary school
students’ academic performance in Financial Accounting in Ikere Local
Government Area of Ekiti state.
Statement of the Problem
Taking overview of the students’ academic
performances over the years in Financial Accounting, it is appalling. According
to Report of WAEC (2013), 20% passed the financial Accounting at the secondary
school level. This is a great challenge to the stakeholders in education. There are various challenges facing
effective teaching and learning of financial accounting which one could infer
that they are the root causes of students’ poor academic performance. Among the
problems are; lack of qualified teachers, lack of motivation, lack of teaching
aids and instructional materials. It is believed that the result of this study
will provide lasting solution to these problems.
Several research studies have identified other
factors such as students’ background, parental influence, school environment,
instructional materials, discipline and physical facilities, teacher quality,
type of location of school, class size and over population of students in
classroom as being responsible for poor academic for poor academic achievement
of students.
The researcher has observed with dismay that
the school environment in the study area is nothing to write home about. The
school climate is not interesting for teaching and learning, instructional
material and inadequately provided, Infrastructural facilities are in
dilapidated conditions, lack of trained
teachers and other facilities that promote teaching and learning are also in
short fall which may tend to influence students’ academic achievement in
school.
Despite stringent measures and strategies
employed by the Nigerian government to ensure that educational standards are
maintained at least at primary and secondary level, students, whom after
passing through all these vigorous teaching and learning strategies, still performs
far below expectations. In an attempt to put sound education on ground
worldwide, many factors have been attributed as being responsible for falling
standard of education where it is perceived and established.
The survey was designed to examine certain
critical aspects of teaching and learning of Financial Accounting in secondary
schools. This was considered in the areas of teachers, support facilities and
equipment, textbook, community resources and incentives available for
accounting teachers.
Purpose of the Study
The broad objective of this research work is
to find out investigate school factors and parental factors as determinant of
senior secondary school students’ academic performance in Financial Accounting
in Ikere Local Government Area of Ekiti state. Specifically, this study is to:
find out the level of academic performance of
students’ in Financial Accounting in Senior Secondary School.
ascertain
the influence of availability of textbooks, teaching methods, class size,
students’ attitudes, and student-teacher interaction on academic performance of
Financial Accounting students.
investigate the influences of the identified
factors on academic performance of Financial Accounting students.
Research Questions
The following research questions will be
raised to guide this study:
What is the level of academic performance of
students in Financial Accounting in Senior Secondary School?
What
influence does availability of textbooks and teaching methods had on academic
performance of Financial Accounting students?
What influence does parent have on academic
performance of Financial Accounting students?
Research Hypotheses
The following research hypotheses will be
formulated from the research questions and tested at 0.05 level of
significance.
The academic performance of students in
Financial Accounting in Senior Secondary School is not significantly high.
There is no significant influence of
availability of textbooks and teaching methods on academic performance of
Financial Accounting students.
There is no
significant influence of parents on academic performance of Financial
Accounting students.
Significance of Study
The findings of the study will be of immense
assistance to financial accounting administrators, especially the school
principal, if the findings are thoroughly implemented. It will enhance
students’ performance in financial accounting especially in Ekiti state.
The study will also be important to students
themselves to know the ways out of different factors militating against
learning of financial accounting in schools. This study will serve as an eye
opener to the students in knowing the negative effects / consequences of
various factors affecting financial accounting in secondary schools. This
research work will serve as information to the teachers on existing forms of
problems faced by students as well as ways of controlling them.
Some teachers are no longer dedicated to their
school timetable. Some deliver half-baked lessons. They leave their notes for
students to copy. This is because of challenges they are facing in teaching and
learning of financial accounting in classroom. The teachers, the authorities
will benefit immensely from this study, as it will help keep them informed on
the adverse effects of various factors affecting the teaching and learning of
financial accounting in secondary schools. Our government would not be left out
in the list of the beneficiaries of this study.
The research work will help the government to
see reasons why they should rise to solve various problems of teaching and
learning of financial accounting in secondary schools. As a result government
could employ trained and qualified teachers into our secondary schools and
provide necessary learning resources in schools.
This study will in no small measure assist
parents and the society at large in knowing problems their children and wards
are facing in school and thus, see ways of assisting them to learn and
concentrate more on their studies. Most
parents and guardians do not provide the basic materials needed by their wards.
Many students in our secondary schools do not have textbooks, writing materials
etc. It is a well-known fact that lack of needed necessary educational
materials, make learning difficult.
Definition of Terms
For the purpose of this study the following
terms are defined.
Competent
teacher: these are qualified teachers who possess a minimum of Nigeria
Certificate in Education in Accounting (N.C.E).
Learning: it is the process of adjustment
through constant practice or it is the modification of behaviour through
experience.
Self-reliant: being self-employed for
survival.
Strategies: plans or measures that can be used
to solve problems.
Teaching aids: these are materials which may
be in form of charts, a life specimen like money, cheque leaf and so on used in
teaching to facilitate the learning and understanding of the lesson.
Teaching: it
is the act of business or instruction or instructions or imparting knowledge,
skills etc. to students.
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