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THE NIGER
DELTA CRISIS: IT’S IMPACT ON NIGERIAN’S NATIONAL SECURITY
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
In 2002, an
international observation proclaimed the Niger Delta as one of the most
volatile regions of the world. This observation came on the heels of incessant
crisis which the region have been witnessing for decades but which took
alarming dimension in loosing years of the 1990’s and the opening years of the
new millennium. The region from one decade to another has witnessed
unprecedented crisis which revolve round political and most importantly
economic factors. Also from one decade to another the nature and dynamics of
crisis in the region have changed, the transformations which the crisis took
from the one period to another have paved way for its institutionalization in
the history of the region and Nigeria in general.1 If the institutionalization
in the history of the Niger Delta crisis in the politics and economy of the
country is something to discuss, the threat which it has been posing and still
posing to domestic and international security of the Nigerian nation state is
an aspect which requires critical academic enquiry.
A systematic
analysis of the crisis is informed by my intention to identify the changing
dynamics of what constitutes national security over the years and how the
nation state of Nigeria have been contending with the threat which the Niger
Delta crisis is posing to the so called national security. National security
questions is a complex of political, legal, social, economic, ideological and
military problems that arises in the course of a people struggling for
political and economic independence and for the establishment of equal and
friendly relations with other people in the bilateral and international
affairs.
It is
imperative to see how regional based crisis affect the survival of the entire
country and how the political entity called Nigeria have been dealing with the
changing dynamics of the crisis, the current study therefore understands that
the concept of national security is fluid and dynamic. All nations of the world
contend and will continue to contend with the challenges arising from the
national security. To Nigeria, the complicated nature of the Niger Delta crisis
poses serious and enduring threat to the fragile nature of Nigerian democracy
and the ever volatile national security.
What this
work explores is the complexity involved in the maintenance of national
security which arose as a result of the crisis in the Niger Delta. For the
purpose of this research, the concept of National Security questions and the
contributions of Niger Delta crisis are both international and domestic in
nature.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS
In this
work, I attempt to answer the entire questions of the place of crude oil in the
escalation and the reduction of the Niger Delta crisis. The significance of the
other exigencies or factors in the crisis? The contributions of the
Multinational Corporation and different political ferments in the region? The
Niger Delta crisis cannot be understood without a critical understanding of the
relationship between individual communities on the one hand and with the
federal government on the other hand which revolve round the control of
resources and retarded infrastructural, economic and social development in the
region.
To what
extents have the crisis constitutes threats to national security? Put
differently, what is the threat which the crisis is posing to the Nigeria’s
nascent democracy? How crisis have metamorphosed in the all-embracing concept
of national security is also analyzed and the entire attempts made by the
federal government to preserve legitimacy in the name of the fundamental
national security are not left undiscussed.
Niger Delta
crisis at every point in time have threatened the primacy responsibility of the
government in terms of security of lives and properties and the preservation of
oneness of Nigeria as a single political entity.2 National security transcends
the primary role of the government in the protection of lives and properties.
It also involves the international security and sovereignty. The gagging
question is: is the Niger Delta crisis posing any threat to the international
security and sovereignty of the Nigerian nation?
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
National
security questions and the role played by the Niger Delta crisis is theme which
requires adequate scholarly attention.
The
objective of this study therefore are
To look at
how the Niger Delta crisis affects Nigerian national security.
To locate
the impact of the Niger Delta crisis within the framework of its implication of
national security.
To see how
regional based crisis affect the survival of the entire country.
To identify
the changing dynamics and what constitutes nationals security over the years
and how the nation state of Nigeria has been contending with the crisis.
The place of
rude oil in the escalation and in the reduction of the Niger Delta crisis.
The
significance of the other exigencies or factors in the crisis.
The
contribution of the multination corporation and different political ferments in
the regions.
1.4 JUSTIFICATION
The
justification for this work can best be appreciated from two major perspectives
namely, the need to carryout a critical academic analysis of he origin of the
Nigeria Delta Crisis and an appraisal of the impact of the Niger Delta Crisis
on national security, hence the changing dynamics of the crisis and the high
degree of internationalization which its taken in recent years. The
internationalization of the Niger Delta Crisis is as old as the history of the
crisis itself; however, in recent years the concern of the international
community is getting higher and higher.
1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This work
focuses on the threat which the Niger Delta Crisis is posing to national
security of Nigeria, no aspect of national security question can be understood
in isolation, this is because as earlier mentioned the concept of national
security is a very fluid one and deeply rooted in the history of Nigeria, the
nature and dynamics also change in accordance with the history of the national
and that of Niger Delta Crisis, it is against this background that the study
carries out comparative analysis of how Niger Delta related crisis and other
regional and non regional crisis are affecting national security, comparative
approach provides the necessary yardstick of measuring the vicissitude of our
case study. Apart from enhancing our understanding of the vicissitudes of the
Niger Delta crisis and national security, discourse of some related crisis will
provide us with the necessary tool, concept, model and methodology of analysis.
One of the
best ways of achieving the desired result in the discourse of Niger Delta
crisis and national security is to look at it from the historical perspective
hence history is prerequisite to a good understanding of contemporary
phenomenon. The complexity of the Niger-Delta crisis and national security will
make its analysis from a purely contemporary perspective to be inadequate, it
is in the light of this, that the Niger Delta Crisis is traced from the 19th
century when the numerous cit-states in the region were at longer head with one
another over the control of production and exchange of palm oil down to the
period of British invasion, the contribution of colonial rule cannot be
overemphasized, the changing dynamics in the relations between one Niger Delta
community and the other have to be understood within the framework of pre-existing
relations.2 the discovery of crude oil at the tail end of the colonial rule is
absolutely central to this discourse because it was the crisis and compromise
connected with the exploitation of crude oil that gave the region it current
stigmatization as one of the most volatile regions of the world.3
The impact
of Niger Delta Crisis reflects in virtually all aspect of the socio-cultural
economic and political life of the people for the purpose of this research and
as I have mentioned above, I will focus on the impact which the crisis is
having on national security and this cannot be understood without the knowledge
of other impacts, so, occasional references will be made to other impacts of
the crisis which have direct correlation on national security.
The
limitations of this study is the volatile nature of the subject, materials used
for academic research requires cross examination because they all have their
limitations, the limitations of materials used for this work can best be
appreciated against the stand point of the fact that subjects related to crisis
most importantly in the Niger Delta is fluid, the fact that I address the
aspect of national security as it relates to the crisis in Niger Delta makes
our discourse the one which require expertise in the collection, selection,
analysis and in fact interpretation of materials All the groups in the Niger
Delta who were interviewed sometimes provides doctored information related to
the problems under examination, government officials, private workers,
militants and anti-Niger Delta groups also presented issues the ways it best
known to them. 4 Similar trend could be noticed in several newspapers’ reports
and even published works on Niger Delta Crisis and national security.5
This is why
all materials for academic research have their own limitations and have to be
subjected to critical evaluation and security. It is in the light if this that
cross-examination of data ultimately brings about judicious interpretation of
facts as it is since national security issues have profound influence in
determining the future of the oneness of the country. This study adopts
thematic and chronological approaches, chronologically, it is important that we
understand how Niger Delta Crisis and national security has unfolded from one
period to another and the numerous forms and dimensions which therefore, assist
in providing a one by one or step by step analysis of the problems, aspect of
this work which will be thematically discussed, are the ones related to the
ways crisis have been affecting national security some of which are basically
exposition.
1.6 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In this
work, I adopted a multicultural and multidisciplinary approach, the need for
multicultural approach stems from the fact that themes related to peace and
conflicts studies in African can only be adequately researched by adopting a
lot of models, concepts and methodology from different but related academic and
intellectual persuasion. Also, multidisciplinary approach is the latest trend
and one of the best ways of showing relevance of once discipline to several
other disciplines, this is why I draw most of my evidence from history,
political science, strategic studies, conflict studies and other related
disciplines.
At this
point, it is worthy of note to states that this work is basically a historical
and contemporary analysis of Niger Delta Crisis and national security, the
tradition methods of gathering information, i.e. primary and secondary sources
is adopted. In the category of the primary sources that are pivotal to this
work are: Archival materials, Newspapers on national security, Oral interview,
MPA 1 and II classes’ discussions e.t.c. A sizeable percentage of secondary
sources that is used came from published and unpublished works which include
Books, Articles in journals e.t.c. that are related to Niger Delta and national
security in the 19th,20th and 21st centuries, however, a greater percentage of
the materials used for this work came from extensive fieldwork in the region and
newspaper cuttings on themes related to national security and the Niger Delta
Crisis, this is significant going by the pan citing of published work on peace
and conflict studies in Nigeria.
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