THE EFFECT OF POLITICAL CORRUPTION ON NIGERIAN GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS (A STUDY OF ANAMBRA STATE 1999-2010)
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THE EFFECT
OF POLITICAL CORRUPTION ON NIGERIAN GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS (A STUDY OF ANAMBRA
STATE 1999-2010)
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Nigeria and
political corruption – political corruption is not a recent phenomenon that
pervades the Nigerian state.
Since the creation of modern public
administration in the country, there have been cases of officials misuse of
resources, embezzlement of funds, looting of government property for personal
enrichment “the rise of public administration and the discovery of oil and
natural gas are two major events seen to have led to a litany of ignorable
corrupt practices in the country over the years, the country has seen its
wealth withered with little to show in living condition of the common man.
In this view, a Nigerian political
leader, Obafemi Awolowo raised a silent issue when he said since independence,
of few holding the cow for the strongest and most cunning to milk”, under those
circumstances everybody runs over everybody to make good at the expense of
others. Characteristically, apologist for the failings of African governments
have blamed colonist for the pervasive corruption. According to this view, the
nations’ colonial history may have restricted any easily influence in an
ethnical revolution through out the colonial period. Most Nigerians were stunk
in ignorance and poverty. The trapping of flash cars, houses and success of the
colonialists many influence the poor to see the colonialist as symbols of
success and to emulate the colonists in different political ways.
Involvement in the agenda of colonial
rule may also inhibit idealism in the easily stage of the nascent nations’
development. A view common held during the colonial days was that the colonists
property (cars, houses, farms etc) is not our property.
Thus vandalism and looting of public
property was not seen as a crime against society.
This view is what has degenerated
into them or sent disregard for public property and lack of public trust and
concern for public goods as collective national property.
According to Sen (1999 p. 225) states
that corruption is “an effort to secure wealth or power through illegal means
private gain at public expenses or a misuse of public power for private benefit”.
Therefore electoral corruption
includes the purchase of vote with money, promises of offices or special
favours, coercion, intimidation and interference with freedom of election
(Nigeria is a good example where this practice is common, botes are bought,
people are killed or maimed in the name of election, losers end up as the
winners where voters turns up in areas where vogues were not cast.
Generally, the implication of
political corruption appears in different forms such as electoral corruptions,
bribery, fraud, embezzlement, extortion, nepotism godfatherism, favouritism,
madness of second tenure system and others.
The implication of political
corruption as an impediment to the economical, social cultural and political
stability is not a recent phenomenon that pervades the Nigerian state.
It started as far back as the
colonial era among the colonists but grown to its apex / climax since, the
creation of modern public administration in the country.
There have been cases of official misuse of
resources for personal enrichment. Nigeria’s political godfathers, which came
into existence as a result of inability of some aspirants of political officers
to afford or sources their fund to run the election political godfathers there
are those who are the powerful wealthy men who sponsor the political aspirants
in Nigeria palace known as political godfathers in which their political
fathering activities has been culminating to political polarizations, political
traumas, political upheavals and political brouhaha which has become the talk
of the day.
What is known as Anambra state today
was created as far back as 1991 under the leadership of Ibrahim Badamosi
Babangida, Anambra today is one of the largest and dominating southeast state
and comprises of (21) twenty one local governments.
Since 19991, the violence, corruption
and godfatherrism” occurring elsewhere in Nigeria have run a rampant in Anambra
since then Anambra has been proved by some political analysis to remain the
eyes of the most political corrupt state in Nigeria in which a wealthy member
of Chris Uba is an iconic example of the godfathers phenomenon in Nigeria as a
prove in 2003 Anambra gubernatorial
election when PDP candidate Dr. Chris Nwabueze Ngige was sponsored and
financed to rig the 2003 election in Anambra which the whole world witnessed
their high level of electoral rigging, political irregularities political
quagmires, political traumas and political upheavals as a result of
godfatherrism, favoritism second tenure madness, nepotisms and other. By virtue
of this unattainable agreement between Dr. Christ Nwabueze Ngige and his
godfather Christ Uba, the two political gladiators degenerated a series of
political traumas, electoral irregularities riggings, thurgry, kidnapping,
killing, vandalization, false impeachment and all
1.1
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Nigeria
as a nation is facing serious political corruption problems namely:
i Lack of political education
ii Godfatherism concept
iii Electoral irregularities
iv Lack of party ideology
v Political polarizations, upheavals,
quagmires, traumas and brouhaha.
vii Ethnicisms, nepotism, sectionalism and
tribalism among the politicians.
vii Madness of second tenure concept
viii Lack of patriotism among he leaders
ix Marginalization
x High level of insecurity
xi Poverty at its climax heralding to high
level of thugry and violent.
xii Centralization of power at the state level
a case study of Anambra.
From all indications, challenges are
daily, weekly monthly and yearly and may be to complete in the near future, unless there is a panel committee set
up to eradicate the situation. However, they have to educate and internalize
the masses to a lager extent using electronic voting system as to ensure
transparency, justice, equity, good condense and free and fair elections. A
question just came to my mind now, saying how can massive thurgry, been reduced
in Anambra state election? The answer says that there should be an adequate
provision of job opportunity as to engage the youths in one job or the other so
that it will limit their state of poverty as an off-shoot of thurgry.
Based on these, the researcher has to
vividly analyze those things that contributes to political corruption and its
effect in Anambra state.
1.2 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The purpose
of this study is to examine and provide the following in depth through analysis
of political stability in Nigerian government and polities.
i To provide adequate political education
to the Anambra youth and other politicians.
ii To provide suitable environment to enhance political stabilities.
iii To give a stop to luke warm concept of
godfatherism in politics.
iv To provide job opportunities to Nigerian
& Anambra youths to reduce the level of poverty which has been an offshoot of massive thurgry and
kidnapping during election.
v To give proper causation and warning to
the fraudulent INEC officials on the side of their electoral fraud and
regulates which has been culminating to political traumas and qaugmire in
Anambra state.
vi To mandate the state government to
delegate power to the local government level as to enhance mass participation
and political enlightment.
vii To ensure political stability which may
conversely heralds to free and fair election in Anambra state
viii To encourage electronic voting system in
Anambra state for more effective and efficient politicking and free and fair
elections.
ix To ensure mass participation in the
political activities
x To ensure adequate party ideology in
Nigeria government and politics.
More so, the study has the following
aim to explain why Anambra state elections had never once been conducted free
and fair.
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The researcher put down the following
questions when he was carrying out this project.
i To what extent does political
corruption affects the Anambra state political, social and economical lives of
people?
ii What ways could the political leaders,
followers and INEC officials would be baptized (improved) so as to ensure
higher equity, transparency, free and fair elections?
ii How can electronics voting system effect
or culminates or heralds to free and fair election in Anambra state?
1.4
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study
will be significant in the need to improve political stability in Nigeria with
particular emphasis to Anambra state is imperative in the following.
i In the view of improving political
equality among the Anambrarians.
ii In the view of eradicating high level of
political illiteracy among the Anambra youths through political education.
iii This study will also be significant in
finding solution to the rampant political thugry, mass kidnapping, frequent
abductions, killing etc.
iv It will also be significant in
eradicating high level of insecurity in Anambra state.
v This study will also be significant in
prohibiting any thing concerning godfatherism in Anambra state.
vi This study will also be significant in
effecting political stabilities thereby resulting to free and fair election
heralding to credible representatives.
vii This study will be significant in giving
room for the state government delegating political, financial and
administrative autonomy to the local government in Anambra state.
viii This study will also be significant in
enlightening Nigerian politicians with party ideology rather than their formal
party without ideology system.
ix It will be significant in leaving little
or no change for political irregularities, electoral fraud and other political
traumas in Nigeria particularly Anambra state.
In this
report, the researcher will also be significant in eradicating of political
arsons, kidnapping and other political upheavals and how Anambra and its
neighbouring states can benefit or gain from the refined effective and
efficient political administration both economically, politically, socially and
cultural harmony and stability.
1.5
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
There are
several ways of studying any phenomenon in any schoarlarly enquiry inorder to
ensure a systematic and objective analysis for the purpose of this discourse I
don’t prehendal theory of democracy working on the assumption that power is
central to politics the starting point of Richard Joseph Prehendal theory is
that the Nigeria political life is entirely characterized and dominated by
corruption Omo O. (1993 p 16) central to prehenda analysis are the concepts of
clietlism and prehendalism. He sees chetelism as patron diet ties clietlism he
further argues is the very channel throng which one joins the dominant class
and a practise which is then seen as fundamental to the continued enjoyment of
the prequisties of that class. He define prehendalism as the procurement of
office of state either through examinations or as a reward for loyal service to
a lord or a rule A critical assignment of post independent Africa states
reveals that to be ruler whether at the federal. State or local level is to be
in charge of the treasury and use the wealth that properly belongs to the
people to legitimately enrich party faithful investors in elections friends
clients and proves godfather allies to sustain a corruption life style.
From the
above prehensalism provide a framework through which Africa and Nigeria affairs
as it relates to corruption and development can be studied higher equity,
transparency, free and fair elections?
iii How can electronics voting system effect
or culminates or heralds to free and fair election in Aambra state?
iv How has godfatherism contributed to the
present high level of political brouhaha, political traumas, political
upheavals in Anambra state?
v How does purchasing of votes, collection
of votes, where and when election was not conducted nor votes being cast
contributes to the electoral malpractices in Anambra state.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
In studying
the political corruption in Nigeria government and politics, it becomes
imperative to confine this to a democratic dispensation in actualizing
transparency, equity, justice, good conscience and free and fair election to an
extent within the constraint of time and of the study.
Consequently,
Anambra state. government was used as a case study
1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
Research was
not problem free.
In this work, the researcher was
faced or confronted with some major problems which tampered for hindered the
progress of this work. Prominent among these was the issue of distribution of
the questionnaires. The researcher used to go from local government to local government
and from staff to staff, among the twenty one (21) local government in Anambra
state. In research for the solution to the problem as a result of this, the
researcher run these regular visits to different (Hpm) of the local
governments.
More
so adequate explanations was made
to explain the need for questionnaires. The researcher spend more time going
from one staff to the other in various offices in the state, that is time that
they are suppose to use for another thing.
Also money for transportation to meet them
i.e the staff in their various houses and a times, when you got to some, they
will not respond to you some i.e the staff will just tell you that they do not
have time to discuss anything with you concerning to that now.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
i. Corruption: in a layman understanding,
corruption is defined as a perversion or change from good to bad. Therefore
corrupt behaviour involves violation of established rules for personal gain and
profit (Sen 1999 P. 275). Corruption is also an effort to secure wealth or
power through illegal means for private gain at public expense or misuse of
public power for private benefit
ii Godfathers in Nigeria: The term
godfathers (alkla money bag, alkla loan-shacks) refers to superfluously very
wealthy men (no known women yet) that finance elections.
Note: when
the godfathers sponsor election, they normally cover the government treasury
and control the government in order to recoup their investment.
iii Madness of second Tenure: This simply means
the sit tight system adopted in Nigeria governance where by the governors,
chairpersons, president will be on the government seat and lying or agitating
for second tenure for him to be re-elected into the seat.
iv Political polarization: this simply means
the dividing house (party) into different groups of people with different
opinion or idea, in a state as a result of politics, i.e disapproval among the
individual in the society as in Anambra politics.
v Political Brouhaha and upheavals: this
is unnecessary estimate, criticism or activity especially in news report to
show disapprovals.
vi Electoral corruption: This includes
purchase of votes with money, promises of office or special favours, coercion,
intimidation and interference with freedom of election.
vii Fraud: It involves some kind of trickery,
swindle and detect counterfeiting, acketing, smuggling and forgery (Ibid Pu).
Viii Embezzlement: This is theft of public
resources by public officials. It is when a state officials steals from the
public institution in which he / she is employed.
ix Extortion: This is money and other
resources extracted by the use of coercion violence or threats to use force.
(Bafart et al 1997, P.11).
x Favouritism: this is a mechanism of
power abuse implying a highly biased distribution of state resources.
However, this is seen as a natural
human productivity to favour friends, fairly and anybody close and trusted.
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