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CAUSES,
EFFECTS AND REMEDIES OF POOR SANITARY CONDITION IN SOME SECONDARY SCHOOLS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1Background
of the Study
Sanitation
is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact
with the hazards of waste as well as the treatment and proper disposal of
sewage or waste-water. Poor sanitation leads to hazards which can be physical,
microbiological, biological or chemical agent of disease. Waste that can cause
health problems including human and animal excreta, solid waste, domestic waste
water (sewage or greywater) industrial waste and agricultural wastes. Most
African cities are overcrowded, due to urban attraction. Little controlled urban
growth lead to poor management of solid and liquid waste produced by cities.
This leads to many problem of sanitation. The sanitation in these cities is
generally dominated by self purification works. They often repress waste-water
that trickles down in living quarter streets emitting strong foul odors.
(strauss et al,2000).
The world
health organization (WHO) define the term ‘sanitation’ as the provision of
facilities and service for the safe disposal of human urine and feces. The
world ‘sanitation’ also refers to the maintenance of hygienic conditions,
through services such as garbage collection and waste-water disposals. Poor
sanitation which has always been associated with Africans has significant
negative effects on the health of dwellers living on the environment. Lack of
adequate sanitation in school as a major threat to student’s health. Many
schools, particularly rural school had no latrine at all and of those with
latrine most did not have separate latrines for male and female students. Lack of
toilet especially separate toilet for girls was identified as the worst school
experience for girls. This illustrate that the issue of poor sanitation is one
of the special conditions which prevent female student from fuller
participation and achievement in schools and to an extent force them out of
school.
Following
the recent implementation of the policy for universal primary education, the
ratio of students to toilet facilities has reduced, which also discourage
female students not attending class. Morbidity figures available according to
update show that diarrhea, worm infection, eye and skin disease accounted for
25.5% of all outpatient visit to health centre, while malaria (another diseases
related to poor sanitation) accounted for further 35.5% (ie a total of 59% of
all outpatient visit are accounted for by poor sanitation). The level of
nutritional stunting in the country is still among the worst rates of
nutritional stunting in African and is partly attributed to the high incidence
of diarrhea, due to poor sanitation.
The rate of
poor sanitation condition in secondary schools in Egor local Government area of
Edo State has increase in recent time due to some factors hindering adequate
sanitation service within the school location. In most secondary schools in
Egor local government area, poor sanitation gives a lot of infection the
opportunity to spread; plarty of waste and excrete for the flies to breed on,
and unsafe water to drink, wash with or swim in. among human parasite disease
ranks second behind malaria in term of public health importance in tropical and
sub-tropical areas.
1.2Statement
of the problem
Poor
sanitation condition in secondary school in Egor local government area of Edo
State has increase threat to the health of the students. The problem has
persisted in spite of the enlightment toward the danger of poor sanitation in
school environment. The extent of the
condition in schools is only rarely investigated. This research work therefore
is meant to fill the menace of environment pollution. Investment in environment
safety is a serious issue, which needs immediate attention in order to reduce
the spread of diseases among students in schools. It is therefore proper and
appropriate to ensure that all sanitatary facilities in the school meant for
sanitation should be put to use to reduce poor sanitary condition in schools in
Egor local Government Area of Edo State.
The centre
issues of the study therefore are; what are the factors that cause poor
sanitation in schools? Does poor sanitation in schools leads to infection among
students? What are the dangers of poor sanitation condition in schools? It is
against this background that the study investigates the poor sanitation
condition in secondary schools in Egor local Government Area of Edo State.
1.3Purpose
of the study
The purpose
of this study was to investigate poor sanitation condition in secondary schools
in Egor local Government Area of Edo State. Specifically the study examined the
cause and the effect of poor sanitation in school and it’s dangerous to the
health of students.
The study
also seeks to find out the factors responsible for poor sanitation and how it
affects students’ health thereby reducing their academic performance.
1.4Research
questions
The
following research questions are raised to guild the study;
Does poor
sanitation leads to spread of infection among students in secondary school?
What are the
dangers associated with poor sanitation in secondary schools?
What are the
factors that result to poor sanitation condition in schools?
Does poor
sanitation condition affect the academic performance of students in secondary
schools?
Is there any
different between poor sanitation condition and student hygienic state of
health?
1.5Significance
of the study
The study
will create public awareness and enlightment campaign to secondary school
across Egor Local Government Area of Edo State. Also this study will create
awareness on the danger of poor sanitation condition. Government, school
authorities and stakeholders will be alerted on the existence of poor
sanitation conditions in schools and its effect on students health and assist
policy makers to enact laws to prevent the high rate of poor sanitation
condition and also reduce it to minimum level.
The study would
further provide a valid document for researchers and educators as the finding
may stimulate further studies in the study of poor sanitation condition in
schools in Egor local Government Area of Edo State. There is no doubt that this
study would add to the existing body of knowledge of sanitation.
1.6Scope and
delimitation of the study
This study
investigated the poor sanitation condition secondary schools in Egor local
Government Area of Edo State. The study was delimited to only five secondary
schools in Egor local Government Area of Edo State.
1.7
Limitation of study
Insufficient
funds tend to impede the efficiency of the researcher in scouring for the
relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data
collection (questionnaires).
Time
constraint; the researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other
work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research
work.
1.8Definition
of terms
The
following operational terms are used in the study and how it is applicable to
the research;
Condition:
the state of something with regard to its appearance, quality, or working
order; have a significant influence on or determine (the manner or outcome of
something).
Disposal:
the action or process of getting rid of something; The action or process of
getting rid of something.
Poor:
lacking sufficient items or money to live at a standard considered comfortable
or normal in a society.
Refuse
disposal: system, technique for the collection, treatment, and disposal of the
solid wastes of a community. The development and operation of these systems is
often called solid-waste management.
Sanitation:
conditions relating to public health, especially the provision of clean
drinking water and adequate sewage disposal.
Health: is
the level of functional or metabolic efficiency of a living organism. In humans
it is the ability of individuals or communities to adapt and self-manage.
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