FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE IN NIGERIA: A CASE STUDY OF THE FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF BENIN. BENIN CITY
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FACTORS
RESPONSIBLE FOR EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE IN NIGERIA: A CASE STUDY OF THE FACULTY
OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF BENIN. BENIN CITY
TABLE OF
CONTENT
Title page
--------ii
Certification
--------iii
Dedication
--------iv
Acknowledgement
------v
Table of
content -------vi
List of
tables --------ix
Abstract
---------xi
CHAPTER ONE:
Introduction
Background
of the Study -----1
Statement Of
The Problem -----6
Hypothesis
Of The Study -----7
Purpose Of
The Study ------7
Scope Of The
Study ------8
The
Significance Of The Study ----9
Limitation
Of The Study ------10
Definition
Of Terms ------11
CHAPTER TWO:
Review Of Related Literature
Sources Of
Examination Leakages ----32
Methods Of
Examination Malpractice ---34
Causes Of
Examination Malpractices ---42
Consequences
Of Examination Malpractices -45
Preventive
Methods Of Examination Malpractice48
Theoretical
Framework ------52
CHAPTER
THREE: Methodology
Research
Design -------55
Population
For The Study -----56
Sample And
Sampling Technique ----56
Instrument
For Data Collection ----57
Validity Of
Instrument ------58
Reliability
Of Instrument -----58
Method Of
Data Analysis -----59
CHAPTER
FOUR: Data presentation and analysis
Testing Of
Hypothesis ------85
CHAPTER
FIVE: Summary, Conclusions And Recommendation, Suggestions For Further Studies
Summary
--------96
Conclusion
--------98
Recommendation
-------105
Suggestions
For Further Studies ----105
Questionnaire
-------107
References
--------112
LIST OF
TABLES
Table 1:
Organization Of Data: Frequency Distribution Of Variables --------62
Table 2:
Distribution Of Age -----63
Table 3:
Distribution Of Marital Status ---64
Table 4:
Distribution Of Educational Qualification 65
Table 5:
Lack Of Preparation -----66
Table 6:
Poor Teaching ------67
Table 7:
Frequent Strikes -----68
Table 8:
Undue Importance Attached---69
Table 9:
Peer Influence ------70
Table 10:
Love For Money -----71
Table 11:
Choosing A Career For Children --72
Table 12:
Non-Coverage Of Academic Syllabuses73
Table 13:
Lack Of Infrastructural Facilities --74
Table 14:
Failure To Inform Candidates --75
Table 15:
Loss Of Moral Values ----76
Table 16:
Modern Way Of Life ----77
Table 17:
Fore-Knowledge Of Examination --78
Table 18:
Hiring Impersonator ----79
Table 19:
Supervisor And Examination Malpractice 80
Table 20:
Supervisors And Gift Items ---81
Table 21:
Collusion Among Candidates And Invigilators
Table 22:
Mass Cheating -----82
Table 23:
Swapping Of Worked Scripts ---83
Table 24: In
Testing The Above Hypothesis; The Table Below Is Used -------87
Table 25: In
testing the above hypothesis, the table below is used --------89
ABSTRACT
The study is
all about the factor responsible for examination malpractice in Nigeria, a case
study of the faculty of social sciences, University of Benin was used, and
during the process of research the researcher was able to carry out a study
which start by saying that examination malpractice exists in secondary school,
university under graduate programme etc. most students are conversant with the
issues of examination malpractice and the various form of examination
malpractices that occurs in our schools.
Most student
who cheat in competitive examinations like the university matriculation
examination (UME) do so because they believe that the exam is a difficult one.
If students perceive that the competitive examinations would be difficult, they
then develop nervousness before the examinations and do everything possible to
pass, including cheating.
Also, the
reason behind this studies was that I felt it mandatory for everyone within the
society at large to be conversant with the syndrome “which is” examination
malpractice that has sowed an evil seed in the heart of the individual society,
if care is not taken, this syndrome will endanger the citizenry at large.
The
population of this research consists of 486 students in the department of
political science at the university of Benin, and the sample of the study that
is used is a total number of 100 students which were randomly selected from the
four level of the department of political science which comprises 100 level to
400 level.
The
instrument used for data collection was a questionnaire. The questionnaire was
validated by the project supervisor.
The
reliability of instrument was tested using a test-retest and the statistics
used was simple percentage.
The major
findings was that most students who cheat in competitive examination like the
university matriculation examination (UME) do so because they believe that the
competitive examination would be difficult, they then develop nervousness
before the examination and do everything to pass, including cheating.
Also, a
large sample of the students agreed that they would engage in examination
malpractice due to emphasis placed on high quality certificates in Nigeria.
Nigerian are
certificate freaks as shown by a large sample of people who embrace a first class
graduate or a high flyer in academic. Most student would do anything in order
to get these super certificates, to remain in an upper league in society.
The major
recommendations was that the legal control of examination malpractice should
enact a law as to curtail the total eradication of exam malpractice.
In order to
reduce cases of impersonation, which is one of the major types of examination
malpractices, government should immediately commence the implementation of its
plan of embossing the passport philosophy of candidates in its certificates.
Government
at all levels, should provide adequate funds and functional instructional aaid
and effective teaching materials to the teachers.
Also, there
should be regular monitoring teams otherwise known as inspectors from ministry
of education of each state to visit each school for continuity assessment of
teaching that deserve praises are rewarded immediately.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background
of the Study
One of the
greatest threats to the validity of examinations, the authenticity of the
certificate issued and the reliability of the products of the Nigerian
educational system is the prevalence of examination malpractices. Examination
malpractices in Nigeria can be traced to 1914 when the senior Cambridge local
examination leaked. This was even before the university of Benin was set up.
It can
therefore be argued that examination malpractices do not constitute a new
phenomenon in Nigeria.
Examination
malpractice constitute two concepts i.e. examination and malpractice.
Examination could be defined as to give somebody a test to see how much he/she
knows about a subject while “malpractice means careless or wrongs or illegal
behavior”.
Therefore,
examination malpractices is defined as an illegal act or behavior while sitting
for an examination. Examination leakages cheating, impersonation certificate
forgery etc, can be classified as examination. Malpractices since any candidate
who indulges in any of these does so to have an undue advantage over other
candidates.
Examination
malpractice is a phenomenon that has almost crept into virtually every faced of
our society. Right from the primary school to the university level and it is
even more in the university this days.
Examination
malpractice is not peculiar to university of Benin alone, it is a national
phenomenon which has reduced the quality of a certificate that are obtainable
in the Nigerian educational system. It has been a disturbing development over
the years, in which the stake holders in the educational system could not
provide a clue to the problem of examination malpractice.
It is
disheartening to note the wave of malpractices sweeping across the entire
educational system. Examination malpractice can be classified as follows:
Classified
as follows
Cheating
copying from cribs, textbooks, notebooks, swapping of scripts, collusion,
electronic device means of cheating etc.
Smuggling of
worked scripts into the examination room.
Certificate
forgery
Assault on
examination administrators.
Examination
leakages occur when some candidates have fore knowledge of the contents of the
question paper before the examination. If not detected, this fact can render
the examination invalid.
WAEC’s
experiences of this came in 1963, 1967, 1977 and 1981, the last three
attracting the attention of the federal government and leading to the set up of
the Alexander Sogbetun and Ojo tribunals to investigate the extent of the
leakages.
The national
teacher institute also had a taste of leakage right from its first attempt at
conducing the teacher’s grade II examination in 1982.
In the
article of Odeyemi, an SSS III AFCS Ibadan captioned “How to end examination
malpractices in our country”. In the guardian on Sunday 22nd November, 1998
saying exam malpractices come in many different forms U3; illegal purchase of
questions papers and answer sheets clandestine sources stealing of proposed
examination questions and the use of textbooks or pamphlets during examination
periods are all forms of examination malpractices.
In some
case, candidates form the habit of sitting together in the seating arrangement
that will enable the more intelligent one to whisper answers to the less
intelligent ones. At times, candidates smuggle in cribs or paper containing
answer codes into the examination halls. Thick denim shirts, jeans trousers,
tracksuits and lace-up bots are all used to smuggle answers to examination
halls. On some occasions, speech codes, cengh and hand signals are used to
exchange answers in the examination hall
Statement Of
The Problem
The most
insurmountable problem facing education in Nigeria as the increase in new
method of perpetuating examination malpractice in examination conducted for
candidates.
In essence,
problems facing university examination conduct could be classified into the
following:
What is the
problem associated with examination malpractice in one hand.
Is the
problems of like of under funding, lack of modern facilities agitation of more
salaries by lecturers associated with exam malpractices.
What is the
level of student commitment to examination malpractice.
This problem
has been threatening the existence of universities and such a serious diseases
need a serious treatment in orders to prevent total collapse of the university
system and the certificates that are awarded to her students.
Hypothesis
Of The Study
The study
has generated some hypothesis. They are as inadequate preparation of the
students or candidates does not result to examination malpractice.
Inadequate
preparation of the student or candidates leads them to exam malpractice.
The belief
that cheating is the only means to pass exam does not lead to examination
malpractice.
Purpose Of
The Study
The study is
to examine, reasons why examination malpractices are increasing with new and
sophisticated tactics emerging on regular basis.
The study is
to highlight the nature of examination malpractice.
The study
would bring out the participant in the examination malpractice.
The study
would also focus on types of examination malpractice, and various effects of
examination malpractice would be highlighted through the study.
Preventive
methods of examination malpractices mentioned in the course of the study so as
to reduce the current magnitude of examination malpractice.
Scope Of The
Study
Examination
malpractices are generating in nature and practice, well known to everybody in
the society. As a result of the popularity, the study would cut across the
student of the faculty of social sciences, University of Benin.
The
Significance Of The Study
The
magnitude of the problem of examination malpractices would mar the degree of
acceptability and reliability of certificates awarded by the university. Agony
eventually faced by the penalized candidates after 4 years or study period,
disappointments received by candidates parents colossal waste of financial
resources on such in their future for such candidates in their future academics
pursuits made the study significant for study so as to anchor the consequences
awaiting the candidates perpetrating such unholy act called examination
malpractices during the examinations and to allow possible solution to the
problem.
Limitation
Of The Study
An elaborate
study of examination malpractice through the administration of questionnaire to
all students of the university of Benin would have been undertaken but for the
constraints imposed by time factors and financial implication of such
elaborates study.
And
non-availability of enough literature texts on examination malpractices is
another constraints to the study.
Notwithstanding
these limitations, the research results remained valid and important.
In essence,
the bottom line constraints are time, money and literature texts.
Definition
Of Terms
It becomes
necessary for the writer to throw more light on the operation definition of
terms which are highlighted below:
Education:
this can be seen as a life-long process which emanates from one stage then to
the final stage.
Also some
authors, believe it to the fact that education can at-times be obtained from
formal, informal and non-formal etc. in schooling process.
Malpractice:
it means careless or wrong behavior exhibited by pupil.
Examination:
this could be traced to the events that occur during schooling, hours, which
then is subjected to take the pupil to another stage in class, sometimes, it is
awarded for promotion reasons, screening purposes etc.
Cheating: it
means when one is copying from textbooks, electronic device etc.
Examination
leakages: it occur when some candidates have fore knowledge of the contents of
the questions paper before the examination
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