CLASS, ETHNICITY AND URBAN GROOWTH IN NIGERIA A CASE STUDYOF NINTH-MILE CORNER, UDI L.G.A., ANAMBRA STATE

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CLASS, ETHNICITY AND URBAN GROOWTH IN NIGERIA A CASE STUDYOF NINTH-MILE CORNER, UDI L.G.A., ANAMBRA STATE

TABLE OF CONTENT

i. Certification

ii. Dedication

iii. Acknowledgement

iv. Table of Content

v. Abstract

Chapter One

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Statement of Problem

1.3 Scope of Study

1.4 Theoretical Perspective

1.5 Conceptual Fraework

1.6 Hypothesis

Chapter Two

2.1 Literature Review

Chapter Three

3.1 Research Area

3.2 Methodology

Chapter Four

4.1 Data Analysis

4.2 Power Structure in Pre-Industrial Ninth-Mile

4.3 Class and Social Groupings in Ninth-Mile (Industrial Ninth- Mile)

4.4 Ethnicity and Occupations in Ninth-Mile

Chapter Five

5.1 Conclusions

Reference

Bibliography

ABSTRACT

This easy examined the mode and basis of social groupings in Ninth-Mile. In either words. The dialectics of class and ethnicity as factors determining group formations in the area was critically analysed. On a more general theme, the essay discussed the impact of industrialisation on the area’s socio-economic characteristics.

To this end, the essay employed five levels of analysis (chapter one to five)

Chapter one deal on the introductory aspect of the study including the statement of problem, scope of study and significance of study. This chapter also concerns itself with definitions and theoretical orientations adopted for the study.

Chapter two reviewed previous related works, including works on the general theme of industrialisation and urbanization; and finally reviewed views of scholars/ waters with regards to ethnic and class grouping in urban areas.

Chapter three gave a brief history of the area of research and discussed the rise and expansion of new and old occupations respectively. It also included methodology of the research.

Chapter four analysed the data collected hence identified class based groups, especially as created by industrialisation; identified ethnic occupational groups and their mode of recruitment and organisation, and reasons for their emergence persistence.

Chapter five, finally is about the researchers findings and concusions.

Chapter One

The events that formed the focal concern of social philosophers during the nineteenth and early twentieth century’s have been termed the “Great Transformation” as Western society underwent vast and dramatic changes especially as a result of the industrial revolution, which was accompanied by increased intensification of the processes of urbanisation, nationalisation and bureaucratisation.¹

Ukwu also declared in his article “Urbanisation and its implicates for Nigeria development” that “the industrial revolution centred in Europe had a critical and global impact on the pattern of urbanisation”².

In recent times these processes have continued to effect rural communities around the world. One of these areas is Ninth Mile corner. My area of analysis in this essay. It occupies an area at approximately the ninth kilometre west of Enugu, the capital of Anambra state of Nigeria hence its name. Before the sitting of industries in the area, the inhabitants of this place namely, Nsude, Eke and Ngwo people were mainly traders, petty traders and farmers. Ninth Mile by this time had little or no urban traits but amazingly, changes started to occur.

Three large scale industries namely Nigeria Mineral Industries Limited, Monarch Breweries Limited and Rex Onoh Breweries Limited among other were established in the area. With the establishment of these industries, a technical type of production essentially in form of industrial activity emerged in the area.

PROBLEM:

This research is aimed at finding out the relationship between the industrial activities so created and ethnicity, class in relation to occupational/social groupings.

Pierre, in this article “ethnic pluralism in industrial societies”, asserts that “industrial apt to develop ethnic conflicts and that the establishment of ethnic division of labour is inherent in modern state.³ Nnoli also in his book “Ethnic Politics in Nigeria” asserts that Nigerian politics have presented an image of a struggle among the various ethnic groups for a division of national resources. ⁴

In this research, the link between ethnic factor and different occupations in Ninth Mile will be examined. In other words the rise and persistence of ethno-occupational links, if say, will be looked into. Question as to why an ethnic group or groups specialise in a particular occupation or occupations and their sensitivity or reaction to new Jobs would be tackled.

On the other aspect of study, we shall examine the relationship between class of individuals and socal groupings in the area. The question here concerns the extent to which social classes from bases for meaningful social groups.

Tilly in his work “collective violence in European perspective” indicates that cities are places of class violence which in turn is largely the direct or indirect expression of class division⁵. In other words, questions as to why class based occupational groups were formed if any, will be critically examined in this essay.

SCOPE OF STUDY:

The research concentrates on industries in Ninth-Mile as factors explaining urban growth in the town.

There are many industries in the area, small and large scale but the write-up is based mainly on the activities and influence of three large scale industries in the area. They are Rex Onoh Beweries Limited, Diamond Breweries in the area. They are Rex Onoh Breweries Limited: Diamond Breweries limited and Nigeria Bottling Company Limited.

The range of data to be considered incude the identification of different occupations in the area as generated directly or indirectly by the industries. Also the relationship between these occupations and ethnic group and class of individuals that participate in them would be analysed. In other words, the emergence and persistence of ethno-occupational links if any would be discussed : and finally the extent to which social classes form bases for social occupational groups will be analysed.

SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY:

To the best of my knowledge, existing researches on Ninth-Mile corner concentrates on the internal operations of industries in the area. Example is the research by Eme Maurice of the university of Nigeria, Nsukka on the marketing range of Monarch Breweries Limited.

But places and topics of this nature has been studied by scholars in Nigeria. Examples are the studies by plotincov on the voluntary ethnic associations in Jos and the other by Tmongens on the persistence of clan/village associations in Sapele. A summary of the significance of their studies indicate that ethnic voluntary associations had arisen in the areas to satisfy needs formerly by traditional institutions.

In his present research, they significance will be two fold: theoretical and practical. Theoretically, the research will be a source of references by academicians as far as urbanization studies are concerned in Nigeria. Practically, in a more general theme, the research will show the imbalances created in a hitherto rural by industrialisation and urbanisation. It includes for example the effects of the creation of new occupations in the area.

Secondly, some writers like powder maker and persons have argued that indigenous norms cannot withstand the effects of industrialisation and urbanisation*. In relation to this statement, this study in analysing the relationship between class, ethnicity and occupations, will show the empirical relevance of such statement as far as study area is concerned. This will have implications on the way the area is conceptualised.

Furthermore the research will show the extent of distinctiveness, communication and trust among members of different ethnic group in the area.

THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE:

It is important to difine some concepts in this research. They include urban, ethnicity or ethnic group and class.

Many work have been done on urbanisation by different scholars and the concept has been defined structurally, behaviourally and demographically. In this study, two demographic definitions of urban area will guide the study.

Eldridge defines urban areas a points of concentration of population and increase in size of these concentration.⁶ Louis Wirth also defines urban centres as places of huge size, great density and heterogeneity⁷.

On ethnic group, it has been defined as any kind of group racial or otherwise which is socially identified as different and has developed its own sub-culture. In small communities, for example, it might be enough merely to distinguish between for example Italian-Americans and non-Itanlians. In large communities however it might be appropriate to distinguish between Sicilians, Neapolitans and northern Italians. The bases for critical ethnic differentiation very: nationality of origin in America; region in France, tribe in Africa; and caste in India. Essentially in this research we are dealing with descent based cultural groups.⁸

On class, various approaches to the definition of class could be identified. They include “the stratification approach based on the concept of unequal sharing of certain values such as wealth, prestige or power. Self ranking opinion based on individual’s opinion of his status sometimes supplemented with other people because of his rank; and thirdly an approach based on income differentials and the Marxian approach encroached on the relations of production, primarily in capitalist societies⁹.

In this research the income and Marxian approaches, will be employed. Bernard and Thompson defend the income approach on the ground that so much of the relevant research is done on the bases of this relatively simple variable¹⁰.

Class is defined in Marxian –Lennist way thus: “groups of people which differ from each other by the place they occupy in a hierarchically definite system of social production, by their relation (in most cases fixed and formulated in laws) to the means of production. By their role in the social organisation of labour and , consequently by the dimension of the social wealth that they obtain and their method of acquiring their share of it.”¹¹

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK:

Breese indicated that industrialisation is likely to effect in a very significant way, not only the rate of urban growth also the type of growth as well as the relative level of economic development involved in urbanisation¹².

Fischer also asserted “that western society was undergoing vast and dramatic changes as a result of the industrial revolution, and its accompanying process or urbanisation and nationalisation¹³. This in essence means that the advent of factory manufacture which signified the a new mode of production, capitalism in the 18^th century contributed much to the rise of modern urbanisation. Therefore to understand the processes of modern urbanisation, it is necessary to adopt a mode of production approach.

Ake in his book “A Political Economy of Africa” declared that it is the organic unity between the productive forces i.e. labour power, objects of labour and means of labour, and the social relations of production that make up what is called mode of production.¹⁴With this criteria, Marxian also identified different modes of production in his works namely. Communal, slave, Asiatic, Feudal, capitalist and socialist modes of production among others.¹⁵ The effects of the articulation of pre-capitalist modes will be taken into consideration in this essay, but emphasis will be placed on the capitalist mode, because according to Ake it is the mode of production that has had the most decisive impact on Africa’s history in general and Nigeria’s in particular.¹⁶ He also defined it as a system where the means of production are very unevenly distributed to the point that we have for practical purposes a society divided essentially into small groups of people who monopolise the means of production and the rest with no means of production.

Now, how did this mode of production with one of its characteristics industry, emerge in Nigeria in general and Ninth-Mile in particular, and what are the urbanisation consequences?

Nigeria was incorporated into western capitalism through long distance trade, slave trade and colonialism. Shenton and Freund put it thus : as a result of the “Great Depression “ of 1873, British industries were faced with lots of problems such as falling trade, profit and pressure from trade movements. Consequently, extended and aggressive search for new markets were held where possible through extra-economic coercion. This drive went hand with a concomitant push to procure steady cheap and abundant supplies of new materials which in turn reinforced trade towards the expansion and maintenance of markets¹⁷.

With the capitalist penetration is the 18^th century. Modern urbanisation came into force. Walton summarizes it thus: the advent of peripheral capitalism based on foreign trade and the import of European manufacturers ushers in a period where urban problems came into force. As the export economy expands, agriculture is further commercialised with the elimination of smaller farmers who turn to wage labour in the country side or migrate to the towns, because of the need for each incomes. Old occupations like indigenous crafting and artisan industries are faced with declining markets and completion from imports. These circumstances combine to produce sharp acceleration in rates of urbanisation.¹⁸

The above analysis has shown us the processes of the modern urbanisation as it affects some area in the Nigeria and Ninth-Mile in particular. Now, in urbanisation studies, different theories have been postulated to analyse that some scholars call the “urban experience” or according to Wirth “urbanism as way of life”¹⁹.

Firstly, industrialisation and urbanisation as show, have brought drastic economic changes including the rise of new occupations, on hitherto rural communities and some writers argue that because of these changes, Subjective criteria like ethnicity and race will recede in importance. They include scholar like Wirth (determinist) who argues that urbanism increases social and personality disorders over those found in rural areas²⁰. on the other hand some scholars deny such effects, and attribute differences between urban and rural behaviour to the composition of the different populations like ethnic origin, religion etc. The proponents of this theory are the compositional and sub cultural theorists and their stand will also be used as a framework in this research.

The proponents include Herbert Gans and Oscar Lewis summarises their stand, thus: “Social life is not a mass phenomenon; it occurs for the most part in small groups within the family, neighbourhoods, church, ethnic groups, formal and informal group”. This theory derived its inspiration largely from that part of the Chicago orientation which describes the city as “a mosaic of social worlds” These worlds are intimate social circles based on kinship, ethnicity, neighbourhood or occupation. The crux of their argument is that these milieus endure in most urban environment.

In other words they are saying for example that elements of pre-capitalist mode of production are no passing phase that cannot withstand the concomitants of industrialisation or capitalization

Finally, the theory assumes that because of the economic position of individuals, cultural characteristics and marital status, the dynamics of social life in the city depend largely on those factors like class, ethnicity and stage in the life cycle. To this end, we shall, in the research, study the link between class, ethnicity and occupations in a presumably industrial capitalist environment like Ninth-Mile corner.

HYPOTHEASIS:

Based on our theoretical framework, we hypothesize in this study that

(1) Class based group in Ninth-Mile are not monolithic social groupings.

(2) Ethnic origin of individuals has relationship with the type of occupations undertaken in Ninth-Mile.

vi.

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OWNERSHIP STRUCTURES, CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND PERFORMANCE OF small MFIs in Nigeria(MSC)

YOU CAN CALL US BACK FOR THE COMPLETE THESIS. WE CAN ALSO HELP YOU WITH CORRECTIONS FROM YOUR SUPERVISOR. PLEASE CALL 08068231953, 08168759420 MSC THESIS TOPIC: OWNERSHIP STRUCTURES, CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND PERFORMANCE OF small MFIs in Nigeria(MSC) Abstract The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between ownership structures, corporate governance and the performance of small MFIs in Nigeria. Interest in this study was as a result of poor performance of these MFIs as indicated in the AMFIU Annual report of 2006. The study therefore sought to determine if this could be attributed to their ownership structures and therefore governance levels. A cross sectional survey design was used to undertake this study using a sample of 65 MFIs from which responses from 44 MFIs were received; giving a response rate of 67.7%. Findings of the study reveal that ownership structures and corporate governance are significant predictors of MFI performance accounting for 42.4%

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CLASS, ETHNICITY AND URBAN GROOWTH IN NIGERIA A CASE STUDYOF NINTH-MILE CORNER, UDI L.G.A., ANAMBRA STATE

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